中和辩证:朱熹文道观的新探解

Neutralization and Dialectics: A New Exploration of Zhu Xi's View of Wen and Dao

朱熹在传承“文以载道”“文以明道”的基础上,提出“文从道出”“文便是道”的观点。他主张“文”与“道”既相互对立又相互统一,形成中和辩证的文道观。这种文道观决定了他对待“文”的辩证态度。在文辞方面,朱熹主张“义理从文字中迸出”,强调文辞是义理的重要载体;又宣称“视言语诚如糟粕”,认为领悟义理后可以忘记文辞本身,秉持的是“得鱼忘筌”的态度。在“文采”方面,他主张“文字奇而稳方好”和“文以伟辞”,注重文辞技巧、文法、修辞的综合运用;同时他又轻视或反对“胭脂腻粉”“妄言绮语”“用意崎岖”的“巧”文。理解朱熹的文道观,不能以“文道分离”“文道合一”或“重道重文”“重道轻文”单一观点进行判断,而应回归文本语境和历史语境进行辩证地分析。

On the basis of inheriting the thoughts of"wen yi zai dao"(literature serving as a vehicle of ideas and ethics)and"wen yi ming dao"(literature clarifying ideas and ethics),Zhu Xi comes up with the view that"Wen originates from Dao".He advocates that Wen and Dao are a unity of opposites,thus forming a dialectical view of Wen and Dao.His view of Wen and Dao determines his dialectical attitude towards Wen.In terms of diction,Zhu Xi believes that"meanings burst out from the words"and emphasizes that words are an important carrier of meanings.He also advocates that"one should regard words as dross"and believes that after understanding the meanings,one can forget the language itself,which is an attitude that"one will forget the weir after catching a fish".In terms of"literary grace",he believes that"marvellous and stable articles are good"and"one should write articles with majestic vocabulary".At the same time,he despises and opposes rhetoric articles with too much"rouge and greasy powder","crazy words"and"circuitous meanings".To comprehend Zhu Xi's view of Wen and Dao,we should not make one-way judgement from the single point that"one separates expressions from its Dao","one integrates Wen and Dao","one places a high value on both Dao and Wen"or"one emphasizes Dao but neglects its expressions".However,we should return to the textual and historical context for dialectical analysis.