家族观念视角下的中国古代私家藏书外流限令——以藏书家训为中心

Restrictions on the Outflow of Ancient Chinese Private Book Collections from the Perspective of Family Concepts——Centered on the Book-Collecting Family Discipline

援引以孝道为本的家族观念,限制族人外流藏书,是中国古代私家藏书的一大特色。文章以藏书家训作为研究中国古代私家藏书外流限令的切入点,爬梳历代藏书家训史料文本,将相关家训内容总结为外借限令、鬻书限令、护书嘱托三类。进而分析家族观念与外流限令的关系,认为私产保护和书种传家是限制家藏外流的两种深层次动因;长老权力支持下的家训是该种限制的实现形式;利用家族观念贯彻外流限令的手段,则包括榜样效应、责任赋予、惩罚威慑。该种限令在近世发生开放化嬗变:明清时已有松动,表现为藏书家的批判性思考与实践;近代图书馆的发展,则为藏书家珍籍归公提供了新方向,是地缘关系被引入血缘支配的私家藏书体系的缩影。

Restriction of books outflow based on the invocation of family concept is a major feature of ancient Chinese private book collections.Using family discipline as an entry point for the study of the restriction on the outflow of ancient Chinese private collections,the article combs through the historical text of family discipline,summarizes the relevance in three categories:lending restrictions,trafficking restrictions and protecting testaments.By analyzing the relationship between family concepts and outflow restriction,it argues that the protection of private property and transmission of“book seeds”are two deep-rooted motivations for the restriction.Family discipline under the auspices of the authority of the elders is the form in which that restriction is realized.Means of enforcing book collection restrictions with family concepts include:role modeling,responsibility assignment and punishment deterrence.However,looseness had been observed in the Ming and Qing dynasties,manifesting itself in the critical thinking and practice of bibliophiles.The development of modern libraries further provided a new direction for the return of collectors’treasures to the public,epitomizing the introduction of geographic ties into the blood-dominated system of private book collections.