试析语气副词“复”的形成与演变

Formation and Evolution of the Modal Adverb Fu

“复(復)”本为动词“返还、返回”,受语义和句法的双重影响,它由动词虚化为累加副词。然而,它的语法化过程并未就此停止,两汉之际,受疑问代词“谁”“何”的组合影响,加之副词“又”的类推同化,“复”由累加副词再度虚化为一个语气副词。作为一个新兴的语气副词,“复”不仅用于疑问句中,表示反诘或疑问,同时也用于否定句或肯定句中,表示强调。不过,自从产生以后,语气副词“复”的虚化程度和使用频率并不太高,受同一形式的词尾“复”的冲击和制约,以及同一意义范畴内副词“又”“还”的排挤与压制,唐宋时期,“复”的使用已呈明显衰落趋势;元明时期,在语言文字内外部各种因素的影响下,语气副词“复”逐渐退出历史舞台。

Based on the repetitive adverb fu(复),in about Han dynasty,modal adverb fu come into being.Researching its formation,there are two significant factors.One is the combination of fu and interrogative pronoun shui(who)or he(what),and the other is the analogizing effect of the modal adverb you(again).As a new modal adverb,fu is not only used in interrogative sentences to express cross examination or question,but also used in negative sentences or affirmative sentences to express emphasis.However,being deeply affected by its original verb meaning,modal adverb fu is not highly grammaticalized.Meanwhile,the suffix fu which enjoys the same form gives it the most serious attack.On the other hand,it is also squeezed by the other related modal adverbs,such as you(again)and hai(moreover).As a result,in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the use of fu is on the decline.At last,in about Yuan dynasty,modal adverb fu begins to disappear.