从方法论唯我论到解释共同体——对狄尔泰诠释学及其“认识论改造”的一种描述

From Methodological Solipsism to Interpretive Community-A Description of Wilhelm Diltheys Hermeneutics and the Reform of Epistemology

狄尔泰将精神科学的认识论奠基确立为毕生的哲学使命。在其前期思想中,精神科学认识论以心理学为基础。这种心理学基础强调个体作为认识主体的优先性,因而呈现出一种方法论唯我论的致思路向,并且引发客观性的难题。为了论证精神科学知识的客观性,狄尔泰将诠释学引入精神科学认识论基础的探讨,试图通过理解与表达的客观性解决这一认识论难题。不过,只要精神科学仍以心理学为基础,就不能走出其心理学立场所固有的方法论唯我论困境。在其晚期思想中,狄尔泰通过“客观精神”概念,重新解释精神科学的“精神”范畴及其“客观性”的内涵,并重构其精神科学的诠释学基础,进而在认识论层面设定解释共同体作为认识主体,从而突破了方法论唯我论的困境。

Wilhelm Dilthey established the foundation of epistemology of spiritual science as his lifelong philosophical mission.In his early thoughts,the epistemology of spiritual science is based on psychology.This psychological basis emphasizes the priority of individuality as epistemic subject,thus presenting a thinking direction of methodological solipsism,and causing the poser of objectivity.In order to demonstrate the objectivity of the knowledge of spiritual science,Dilthey introduced hermeneutics into the discussion of the epistemological basis of spiritual science and tried to solve this epistemological problem through the objectivity of understanding and expression.However,as long as the spiritual science is still based on psychology,it cannot get out of the methodological solipsism dilemma inherent in its psychological position.In his later thoughts,through the concept of Objective Geist,Dilthey reinterpreted the Spirit category of spiritual science and the connotation of its objectivity,and reconstructed the hermeneutic basis of his spiritual science,and then set the interpretive community as epistemic subject at the epistemological level,thus breaking through the dilemma of methodological solipsism.