从赫尔墨斯“视角”到世界制图“视点”——古希腊罗马时期天文学对地理学的塑造

From the Perspective of Hermes to the Cartographic Visual Point:The Shaping of the Geography by Ancient Greek-Roman Astronomy

在科学思想史研究中,古希腊罗马的地理学■概念与现代意义上的地理学有所不同,属于数学科学的一支。与此相应,对地理学塑造最为深刻的莫过于同为数学科学的天文学。该影响脉络始于“地理学之父”埃拉托色尼。通过新的语汇创造,他首先提出了天文视角下对居住世界的几何描绘方式。其后,天文学家希帕克斯对前者柏拉图式的几何还原加以批判,引出了天文测地纲领这一更激进的方法论变革。受此影响,托勒密从天文研究出发,系统地构造了古代地理学的科学动机、数据测量与计算框架、绘制地图的几何视点及整套制图法则。对这一影响史的回溯,既是对学科史研究的重要补充,也有助于今人更好地把握现代地理图景的古代起源。

In the study of the intellectual history of science,the geography of ancient Greece and Rome is different from its modern counterpart,but be-longs to the mathematical science.Accordingly,nothing has shaped geography more profoundly than astronomy.This influence began with Eratosthenes'new term"■",which implied the geometric-astronomical description of the oikoumene.Later,Hipparchus criticized the Platonic inclination of Eratosthenes and pointed to a more radical methodological change of the astronomical geodesy.It is Ptolemy who systematically constructed the scientific motive,the frame of data measurement and calculation,the geometric viewpoint of mapping based on his astronomical study.This research not only serves as an important supplement to the history of the geography but helps better understand the ancient origin of our geographical image.