新中国城市管理机构变迁的历史考察——以北京市为例

A Historical Review of the Changes in Urban Management Institutions in New China——Taking Beijing as an Example

城市管理机构设置及其职能的变迁,反映了城市运行发展在不同时期所面临现实问题的变化,构成剖析和总结中国城镇化历程与经验的重要视角。新中国成立以来,北京城市管理机构的变迁大致经历了五个阶段:起步建设时期(1949—1960年)、曲折发展时期(1961—1977年)、整合重塑时期(1978—1999年)、横纵拓展时期(2000—2015年)统筹管理时期(2016年至今)。总体上看,北京城市管理机构调整动力从问题导向转为更加注重顶层设计,由需求牵动转向制度自觉;职能重心从物质空间建设管理转向社会治理,以人民为中心的发展导向不断强化;运作方式从集中式动员到专业化分工再到综合管理,统筹协调作用以及首都功能持续加强。

The changes in the establishment and functions of urban management institutions reflected the changes in the practical problems faced by urban operation and development in different periods,forming an important perspective for analyzing and summarizing the process and experience of urbanization in China.Since the founding of New China,the changes in Beijing's urban management institutions roughly went through five stages:the initial construction period(1949-1960),the tortuous development period(1961-1977),the integration and reshaping period(1978-1999),the horizontal and vertical expansion period(2000-2015),and the unified management period(2016 to present).Overall,the adjustment drive of Beijing's urban management institutions shifted from problem-oriented to more emphasis on top-level design,from demand-driven to institutionally conscious.The focus of functions shifted from material space construction management to social governance,and the peoplecentered development orientation had been continuously strengthened.The operation mode shifted from centralized mobilization to specialized division of labor,and then to comprehensive management,with the role of overall coordination and continuous strengthening of the functions of the capital.