基本养老保险断保对公平感和预期阶层认同的影响——兼论年龄与户籍异质性

The Impact of Discontinuation of Basic Pension Insurance on Sense of Fairness and Expected Class Identity-Variations by age and hukou

公平感和阶层认同关系着精神富裕目标的实现。我国基本养老保险覆盖率逐年扩大的同时,居民的主观福祉却呈现向下偏移趋势。以往研究主要关注参保与否对个体主观福祉的影响,较少分析参保持续行为的影响,特别是在年龄、户籍上的异质性效应。因此,基于中国劳动力动态调查2016和2018年的数据,分析了基本养老保险断保对公平感和预期阶层认同的影响及其年龄和户籍异质性。研究发现:(1)我国居民的预期阶层认同整体有所降低,青年和农村群体的公平感和预期阶层认同均呈下降趋势。(2)从断保状态来看,基本养老保险整体断保率为21.9%,以城乡居保断保为主,其中,青年和农村居民的断保率分别高于中老年人群和城镇居民。(3)与连续参保的居民相比,基本养老保险断保对公平感和预期阶层认同具有显著的消极作用,城乡居保断保的负面影响突出;分人群而言,断保会显著降低青年群体和农村居民的公平感,还会对农村居民的预期阶层认同造成显著的负向影响。基本养老保险的高断保率带来的负面效应抵减了参保的福利促进效应,能够在一定程度上解释参保率逐年提高的同时,公平感和预期阶层认同的下降趋势。基于此,提出建议:完善基本养老保险缴费激励机制、提高城乡居民养老保险待遇水平、完善基本养老保险断保高发人群的参保政策。

The Sense of fairness and class identity are related to the realization of spiritual affluence.While the coverage of China’s basic pension insurance has expanded year by year,residents’subjective well-being has shown a downward bias.Previous research has primarily focused on examining the impact of participating in pension insurance on individual’s well-being,while paying little attention to the effects of continuous participation.Moreover,there has been limited consideration given to its heterogeneous effects,particularly with regards to age and hukou.Using data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey 2016~2018,this paper analyzes the impact of the discontinuation of basic pension insurance on the sense of fairness and expected class identity variations by age and hukou.The findings are follows:(1)the expected class identity of Chinese residents has decreased overall,and the sense of fairness and expected class identity of both youth and rural groups show a downward trend.(2)The overall disenrollment rate of basic old-age insurance is 21.9%,dominated by urban and rural residents’disenrollment,among which the disenrollment rates of youth and rural residents are higher than those of the middle-aged and elderly groups and urban residents,respectively.(3)Compared with the continuously insured residents,the discontinuation of basic pension insurance has a significant negative influence on the sense of fairness and expected class identity,and the discontinuation of urban and rural residential insurance shows a significant negative effect;the discontinuation significantly reduces the sense of fairness of the youth group and rural residents,and also has a significant negative impact on the expected class identity of rural residents.The negative effect of the high disenrollment rate of basic pension insurance offsets the welfare promotion effect of participation,which can explain to a certain extent the decreasing trend of equity and expected class identity while the participation rate increases year by year.Based on this,suggestions are put forward:improve the incentive mechanism for basic pension insurance contributions,increase the level of urban and rural residents’pension insurance benefits,and improve the participation policy for those with high rates of disenrollment from basic pension insurance.