“川江”地名名实变迁与中国历史地名内涵变化规律

The changes in the name and reality of the place name Chuanjiang and the changerule of the connotation of Chinese historical place names

在中国历史上,往往出现地名字面本身不变,但所指代的实际范围发生较大变化的现象,这里我们称为“地名内涵变化”,可以简称“地名涵化”。历史上“川江”一词从唐宋之际出现后,其概念的内涵发生了很大的变化。早期宋代“川江”曾有指代整个长江、长江上中下游,指代范围让人相当意外。明清主要指整个长江上游河道,但到近现代,“川江”所指又有一个泛指整个长江上游干支流到仅指乐山到宜昌、宜宾到宜昌、重庆到宜昌河段一个逐步缩小的过程。宋元以前巴蜀地区特殊的政治经济文化地位,使巴蜀航运的地位很高,成为“川江”话语强大指代中下游的支撑。而受长江上游特殊的复杂河道、特殊的平底木船通过性能、特殊地域滩师导航的制约,传统时代长江上游木船运输曾一度在整个长江航运中占有通过性上的优势,一度一定程度上主导着整个长江航运的运行。近代以来“川江”一词的内涵缩小又与机动船进入川江,木船地位相对下降的情形下,热点聚集在机动船运输的话语内有关。研究发现,历史上中国的“地名涵化”可以分成“地名缩放涵化”“地名异地涵化”两种情形,前者较为典型,后者较为复杂。“地名涵化”在时间上又可分成“漫涵化”和“快涵化”两种。一般来说,在历史上行政区划地名的“涵化”较快,而文化区域概念地名“涵化”的过程较为漫长,影响的因素也较为多元,但受国家相关行政区调整的影响,文化区域概念的“地名涵化”过程也会加快。

It often happens that the literal place name itself remains unchanged but the actual scope it refers to has changed greatly in Chinese history.Here we call it connotation change of place names.The concept of Chuanjiang has undergone significant changes since its appearance during the Tang and Song Dynasties in history.In the early Song Dynasty,Chuanjiang referred to the entire Yangtze River or its upper,middle,and lower reaches,which was quite surprising.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it mainly referred to the entire upper reaches of the Yangtze River.But in modern times,the actual scope of Chuanjiang has undergone a gradually narrowing down process from the entire upper reaches of the Yangtze River to from Leshan to Yichang,from Yibin to Yichang,and from Chongqing to Yichang.Before the Song and Yuan Dynasties,the special political,economic and cultural status of Bashu area made Bashu shipping have a high status,which became the support of Chuanjiang discourse for the middle and lower reaches.However,due to the special complicated river course,the special flat-bottomed wooden boat passing performance and the navigation of beach teachers in special areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,wooden boat transportation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River once occupied the passing advantage in the whole Yangtze River shipping in the traditional era,and once dominated the operation of the whole Yangtze River shipping to some extent.Since modern times,the narrowing of the connotation of Chuanjiang has something to do with the fact that hot spots have gathered in the discourse of motor boat transportation in the situation where motor boats have entered Chuanjiang and the status of wooden boats has declined relatively.Through research,we have found that the historical connotation change of place names in China can be further divided into two situations:scaling connotation change of place names and allopatry connotation change of place names.The former is more typical while the latter is more complex.The connotation change of place names can be divided into two processes in terms of time:diffuse connotation change of place names and rapid connotation change of place names.Generally speaking,the connotation change of geographical names in administrative divisions is relatively fast in history,while the process of connotation change of geographical names in cultural regions is relatively long,and the influencing factors are also relatively diverse.However,due to the adjustment of relevant national administrative regions,the process of connotation change of geographical names in cultural regions will also be accelerated.