刑事司法中事实推定的扩张应用及其合理规制

On Expanded Application and Reasonable Regulation of the Presumption of Fact in Criminal Justice

当前刑事司法实践中,事实推定的应用呈现扩张适用趋势,事实推定经常被用于本应严格证明的关键事项上,这种扩张适用趋势将事实推定的潜在风险带入刑事司法活动中。为防范不利后果的发生,应当优化事实推定的应用。事实推定必须遵守相应的适用原则,包括证据裁判优先原则、不利推定严格限制原则、危险性平衡检验原则、经验法则共识最大化原则等。开展事实推定时,还应当满足相应操作标准。就程序性规制来讲,强化事实推定说理和完善错误事实推定救济机制,能够为事实推定的功能提供外在规则保障。

In current criminal justice practice,the application of the presumption of fact has shown a trend of expansion.The presumption of fact is often applied to critical matters that should be strictly proved.However,this expansive trend brings the potential risks of the presumption of fact into criminal justice activities.So to prevent negative consequences,its application should be optimized.It must comply with the corresponding principles of application,including the principle of giving priority to the adjudication of evidence,the principle of strict limitation of adverse presumptions,the principle of balancing tests of dangerousness,the principle of maximizing the consensus about rule-of-thumb,etc.When conducting the presumption of fact,corresponding operational standards should also be met.In terms of procedural regulation,strengthening the reasoning of the presumption of fact and improving the relief mechanism for erroneous presumptions of fact can provide external rules to guarantee the function of the presumption of fact.