利他合同之第三人权利保护研究

A Research on the Protection of Third-Party Rights in Altruistic Contracts

《民法典》第522条在原《合同法》第64条规定的基础上,正式确立了利他合同制度,为保障第三人权利提供了法律依据。为解决利他合同中第三人权利保护面临的履行请求权受阻、拒绝权行使期限不明、违约救济权模糊等问题,建议:调整合同的相对性,兼顾合同相对性原则与第三人权利保护,尊重合同当事人意志;拓宽利他合同的适用范围,明确法定赋权情形,放宽约定赋权情形的适用条件;完善利他合同制度,对第三人行使拒绝权的“合理期限”作出进一步解释,明确第三人可以享有的违约救济权,并寻求应对债务人抗辩权的解释依据,保障利他合同中第三人权利不受损害。

Article 522 of the Civil Code formally establishes the altruistic contract system based on Article 64 of the original Contract Law,providing a legal basis for protecting the rights of third parties.To solve the problems in third-party rights protection in altruistic contracts such as obstruction of the right to perform the claim,unclear time limit for exercising the right of refusal,and vague right to remedy for breach of contract,it is recommended to adjust the privity of the contract,take into account both the principle of privity of contract and the protection of third-party rights,and respect the will of the parties to the contract;broaden the scope of application of altruistic contracts,clarify the statutory empowerment circumstances,and relax the application conditions of the agreed empowerment situation;improve the altruistic contract system,further explain the “reasonable period” for the third party to exercise the right of refusal,make sure that the right to remedy for breach of contract can be claimed by the third party,and seek an interpretive basis for responding to the debtor's right of defense,so as to protect the rights of the third party in the altruistic contract from being harmed.