国际贸易中的知识产权“隐性壁垒”与中国因应

The“Hidden Barriers”Mechanism of Intellectual Property in International Trade and China’s Response

“隐性壁垒”是指没有相应国际法规范约束,但在国际贸易实践中能够产生限制贸易和排除竞争效果的贸易壁垒。知识产权保护及执法情况的“声誉罚”、知识产权单边调查及制裁和将人权等其他问题引入知识产权议题是知识产权国际竞争中“隐性壁垒”的主要表现形式。知识产权“隐性壁垒”的频繁出现,是知识产权的私权属性以及国际知识产权领域私法行为公法化现象共同作用的结果。知识产权“隐性壁垒”具有单边性、霸权性以及间接影响大于直接影响的特征。“隐性壁垒”的存在导致国外企业不敢进口“涉嫌侵权”的产品,国内企业因此丧失交易机会。国内优势产业被排挤出全球产供链的风险提升,从发达国家获取技术的难度增加,导致知识产权国内保护标准被迫提升。对此,我国应当深入开展“一带一路”知识产权国际协调,与其他参与国一起应对责难,探索构建规制由国家主导的商业诋毁行为的规则,加强涉外知识产权人才培养与国际舆论治理,及时反击不实言论。

Hidden barriers refer to trade barriers that have no corresponding restricted international legal rules for reference,but can actually produce the effect of restricting trade and excluding competition in international trade practice.The“reputation penalty”of intellectual property protection and law enforcement,unilateral investigation and sanctions of intellectual property rights and the introduction of human rights and other issues into intellectual property issues are the main manifestations of hidden barriers in the current international competition of intellectual property rights.The frequent appearance of hidden barriers of intellectual property is the result of the joint action of the private right character of intellectual property and the phenomenon of the public legalization of private business acts in the field of international intellectual property trade.Hidden barriers are characterized by unilateralism,dependence on hegemony and indirect influence greater than direct influence,which makes foreign enterprises afraid to import“suspected infringing”products,which causes hat enterprises lose trading opportunities.The risk of domestic advantageous industries being excluded from the global production and supply chain is increased.It is more difficult to acquire technology from developed countries.Domestic protection standards for intellectual property rights will be forced to improve.In this regard,China should carry out in-depth international intellectual property coordination under the framework of the“Belt and Road”Initiative,and work with other participating countries to deal with the blame;Explore the construction of rules to regulate state-led commercial defamation;Strengthen the training of foreign-related intellectual property talents and the governance of international public opinion,and promptly counter false statements.