从马克思“机器论片段”看人工智能时代的劳动异化与劳动解放

Labor Alienation and Liberation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Based on Marx’s“Fragments on Machine”

“一般智力”是马克思在“机器论片段”中提出的与“相对剩余价值”相对应的经典命题。“一般智力”通常是指由长期累积起来的知识、技能和技艺所形成的一种社会主体的整体性智力。从基于机器技术的“一般智力”到基于智能技术的“一般智能”,构成人工智能时代的生产力基础,即“客观抽象理论”2.0版。从作为形式规定性的“机器体系”到具有社会普遍性的“智能系统”,构成人工智能时代的生产关系基础,即物质性劳动的升级版。从“集中劳动”到“零工劳动”,机器大工业时代以“抽象价值”为媒介的异化形式,让位于人工智能时代以“一般数据”为媒介的异化形式。从“劳动自由”到“生命自由”,机器大工业时代的“具身性劳动”走向了人工智能时代的“离场性劳动”。从“一般智能”到“智能系统”到“零工劳动”再到“生命自由”,上演了一部从劳动异化到劳动解放的变奏曲。

“General intellect”is a classic proposition proposed by Marx in the“Fragment on Machines”and that corresponds to relative surplus value.“General intellect”usually refers to the overall intelligence of a social entity formed by long-term accumulation of knowledge,skills and expertise.The transformation from“general intellect”based on machinery to“general intelligence”based on intelligent technology explored the productivity root of alienation of labor in the era of artificial intelligence.Alienation of labor has changed from“Objective Abstract Theory”version 1.0 to“Objective Abstract Theory”version 2.0.The transformation from regulatory“machine system”as a form to universal“intelligent system”showed the relations of production of alienation of labor in the era of artificial intelligence.Alienation of labor has changed from a classic version of material labor to an upgraded version of non-material labor.From“centralized labor”to“odd job labor”,we achieved the transformation from alienation of labor in the era of machine industry with“abstract value”as the medium to that in the era of artificial intelligence with“general data”as the medium.The transformation from“freedom of labor”to“freedom of life”paved an upgrade path from“material labor”in the era of machine industry to“intelligent labor”in the era of artificial intelligence.From“General intellect”to“intelligent systems”to“odd job labor”and then to“freedom of life”,a variation from alienation of labor to liberation of labor has been performed.