明代家族社会转型及其观念变迁

The Ming Transformation of Clan Society and Associated Conceptual Changes

宋代是中国家族制度及家族社会发展的关键时期,宋代的儒者为后世家族制度及家族社会的建构,设计出一种较为符合宋代社会现实的方案。到了明代,随着社会与经济的不断变迁,家族制度及家族社会的建构朝着更加贴近社会现实的方向演变。明代以来民间家族在血缘传承上的变通与拟制,与宋儒设计的纯洁血缘传承的理念相去甚远。明代家族逐渐走出本家族的域,进入地方社会的竞争与协作的事务之中。经过一二百年社会实践的调试,明代家族形成了一个多种矛盾同时存在并且相互结合的“多元”结构。明代家族制度及家族组织的这一变迁,适应了明代社会变迁的整体趋势。清代至民国时期,中国的家族制度及家族社会基本在明代的影响下运行。

The Song was a crucial period for the development of the clan system and clan society in China.Song Confucians designed a scheme that built a clan system and clan society that suited the realities of Song society and was passed down to later generations.The unceasing social and economic change under the Ming meant that the construction of the clan system and clan society evolved,becoming more closely related to social reality.From then on,ordinary people's lineage-based clans allowed flexible and fictitious blood relationships that had little to do with the lineage concepts devised by the Song Confucians,which were based purely on blood ties.Under the Ming,clans were no longer limited to their internal matters,but plunged into the local community's competitive and collaborative affairs.Following one or two hundred years of social adjustment,Ming clans had formed a pluralistic structure in which multiple contradictions coexisted and combined.During the Ming,changes in the clan system and clan organization adapted to the trend of social change.From the Qing to the Republic of China,the operation of the clan system and clan society was basically influenced by the Ming dynasty.