中国法上物权合同的适用范式

The Application Mode of Dinglicher Vertrag under Chinese Law

中国法上物权变动模式的争议要点有四:其一,物权合意是否必要(必要性);其二,如果需要物权合意,该合意是否独立于作为基础关系的债权合意(独立性);其三,物权意思为债权合同的履行作出,是否以清偿意思为其内在要素(内在无因性);其四,物权合同效力是否受产生清偿原因的债权合同影响(外在无因性)。这四层问题构成了不同立场阵营的坐标系。我国《民法典》的物债二分体系与法律行为架构,为物权合同提供了逻辑前提,且可容纳双重无因物权合同的解释可能。物权合同“独立+内在无因+外在无因”的适用范式,有其接续物债区分、匹配公示公信、呼应不当得利、延伸自治空间、优化举证分配等解释优势,是可期待的解释方向。

There are four points of dispute in the mode of transfer of Sachenrecht in Chinese law:first,whether the dinglich agreement is necessary(necessity);second,whether the dinglich agreement is independent of its underlying relationship,namely the schuldrechtlich agreement(independence);third,whether the intention to perform the debt is the internal element of the dinglich intention(internal abstraction);and fourth,whether the validity of dinglicher Vertrag is affected by the schuldrechtlich contract that gives rise to the causa of performance(external abstraction).These four layers of issues constitute the system of different positions.The distinction between Sachenrecht and Schuldrecht,and the strcture of legal transaction in The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,provide a logical premise for dinglicher Vertrag,and can accommodate the interpretation possibility of dual-abstract dinglicher Vertrag.The mode of“independent+internal abstract+erternal abstract”dinglicher Vertrag has its interpretive advantages such as developing the distinction between Sachenrecht and Schuldrecht,matching publicity and public trust of Sachenrecht,echoing unjust enrichment,extending autonomy of will,and optimizing the distribution of burden of proof.The mode of dual-abstract dinglicher Vertrag can be a prospective interpretation direction.