企业间环境不平等:测度和分解

Environmental Inequality among Firms:Measurement and Decomposition

有效的环境治理最终需要落实到企业间的排污额度分配,因此企业间的环境不平等问题至关重要,但这一问题尚缺乏学者们的关注。文章首次对中国企业间的环境不平等程度进行了测度和分解,运用微观企业数据及基尼系数测度企业间环境不平等程度,并基于回归方程对不平等进行夏普里值分解,进而考察企业间环境不平等的来源。研究发现:企业间的污染排放高度不平等,并且这种不平等主要存在于同一城市内部不同企业之间,其次才是不同城市之间;分组来看,中西部地区、轻污染行业、私营企业的环境不平等程度偏高;造成企业间环境不平等的主要因素是企业能源资源用量、企业固有特征和企业规模。机制分析发现,能源的环境后果更多受到企业资源集约度的影响,而非由“先赋”的行业类型决定;大企业的排污强度低于小企业,是源于“抓大放小”的规模歧视,而非禀赋差异。因此,关注企业间污染分配公平、以节能促减排和政府“抓大不放小”可能是有效的对策。

Environmental governance needs to focus on the allocation of emission quotas among firms,but existing research lacks attention to environmental inequality among firms.Therefore,this paper measures and decomposes environmental inequality among firms.Using data matching from China Industry Business Performance Database and China Industrial Enterprise Pollution Database,we mainly use Gini coefficient to measure the degree of environmental inequality among firms,and conduct regression-based Shapley value decomposition of inequality to investigate the sources of environmental inequality among firms.We find that the inequality in pollution emissions among firms is severe,which mainly exists among different firms within the same city,secondary to that among different cities;The degree of environmental inequality among firms remains high over time,with higher levels in the central and western regions,light polluting industries,and private enterprises;The main factors causing environmental inequality among firms are the amount of energy and resources used by firms,firm fixed effect,and firm scale.Further mechanism analysis reveals that the environmental consequence of energy is more influenced by the intensity of firm resources,rather than the type of industry which is“pre-endowed”;The lower pollution intensity of large firms compared with small firms is due to the scale discrimination of“Grasping the Large and Letting Go of the Small”,rather than endowment differences.Based on the above conclusions,this paper proposes a series of policy recommendations:paying attention to the fairness of pollution distribution among firms,promoting emission reduction through energy conservation,and“Grasping the Large but not Letting Go of the Small”.