董事对第三人责任的理论证成与规范重塑--兼评《公司法(修订草案三审稿)》第191条

Theoretical Proof and Legal Remodeling of Directors’Liability Towards Third Parties——Commented on Article 191 of Third Draft Amendment to the Company Law

债权人利益频繁受公司管理层侵害,董事与第三人产生新的代理问题。在公司法语境下,有过错的董事在直接或间接侵害债权人利益时应承担责任。公司正常经营时,过错董事应对第三人承担侵权责任,公司履行不能是董事担责的关键因素;当公司濒危,董事对债权人负有维持财产价值的信义义务,若公司财产不当减损导致债权人利益受损,此时既满足侵权责任要件、亦有承担信义责任的基础,故此阶段过错董事担责是侵权责任与信义责任的竞合。同时董事与公司作为独立民事主体,过错董事应与公司承担连带责任。且由于不同董事权力大小不同,宜对董事赔偿标准差异化设置以平衡董事利益。

The interests of creditors are frequently infringed by the administrators of companies,and a new agency problem arises between directors and third parties,which is an important agency problem in modern company law.In the context of the company law,a director at fault assumes liability in the case of direct or indirect infringement of the creditors’interests,and the forms of directors’liability are different ac-cording to the different operating stages of the company.At the same time,the director and the company are independent civil subjects,according to the principle of joint infringement,the director who is at fault should assume joint liability with the company.Finally,because of the different authority of different di-rectors,the compensation standards of directors should be differentiated to balance the interests of direc-tors.