刑法体系中立法与司法的关系重构

The Reconstruction of the Relationship between Legislation and Judiciary in the Dogmatic System of Criminal Law

将刑事政策与刑法体系相贯通,开启了刑法体系功能化的发展趋势。这种功能化的趋势意在强化刑法体系的应变性,同时不至于弱化自主性的面向。在这样的体系构想中,需要重新审视立法与司法之间的关系。传统的理论模式将立法与司法之间理解为“命令—服从”的等级关系,这种模式导致立法主导型的刑法体系,并相应采取形式解释论的立场。从我国近二十多年来刑法立法修正的情况与实质解释论的兴起来看,立法主导型的刑法体系与当代的现实状况不相契合。有必要按“边缘—中心”的模式来理解立法与司法的关系,并构建一种司法中心型的刑法体系。司法层面通过刑法解释的过程,一方面与立法协作来促进与实现体系的应变性,另一方面完成对立法进行制约的任务,立法论因而成为刑法体系的有机组成部分。有必要从观念上改变对刑法适用的传统理解,刑法适用中必然包含刑法解释的环节;在新的解读模式下,需要对刑法解释的角色进行重新定位。功能主义的刑法解释有助于刑法体系内部构建一种反思性的自我发展机制,并使之具备自我纠正的能力,体现法教义学所蕴含的批判性维度;与此同时,由于刑法解释不能超越法条的文义,并受制于立法的整体结构安排,故应肯定立法论批判的现实意义。

The integration of criminal policy and the dogmatic system of criminal law has initiated its development trend of functionalization.This trend is intended to strengthen the adaptability of the dogmatic system of criminal law without weakening its aspect of autonomy.In such a system,the relationship between legislation and judiciary needs to be re-ex-amined.The traditional theoretical model understands the relationship between legislation and judiciary as a hierarchical re-lationship of"command-obedience".This model leads to a legislative-dominated system of criminal law and accordingly adopts the position of formal interpretation theory.Judging from the legislative amendments in criminal law and the rise of substantive interpretation theory in China in the past two decades,the legislative-dominated system is not consistent with the contemporary reality.It is necessary to re-understand the relationship between legislation and judiciary according to the"edge-center"model and then to construct a judiciary-centered system.Through the process of statutory interpreta-tion at the judicial level,on the one hand,judiciary cooperates with legislation to promote and realize the adaptability of the system,and on the other hand,it shoulders the task of restricting legislation.The doctrinal theory of legislation therefore becomes an integral part of the dogmatic system of criminal law.It is also essential to conceptually change the traditional understanding of criminal law application,which must include the step of statutory interpretation.Under the new model be-tween legislation and judiciary,the role of statutory interpretation needs to be repositioned.The functionalist interpretation helps to build a reflective self-development mechanism within the system of criminal law and enables it to have the ability to self-correction,embodying the critical dimension contained in legal doctrines.At the same time,because criminal law interpretation cannot transcend the literal meaning of statutory provisions and is also subject to the overall structural arrange-ment of legislation,the practical significance of legislative criticism should be affirmed.