强化学生工具箱:促进学习的学习策略

Strengthening the Student Toolbox:Study Strategies to Boost Learning

本研究聚焦于学习科学领域的三个相互关联的元认知组成部分:学习监控,学习时间控制,以及学习策略应用。在学习策略应用中,发现许多学生采用突击重点、重读和临时突击学习等相对无效的学习策略。尽管这些策略在表面上可能表现良好,但并不有助于学生对学习内容的长期记忆和理解。学生没有掌握最佳学习策略的原因可能是教育体系中对学习策略的教授不足,以及许多教师在有效策略方面的准备不充分。为了改进学生的学习效果,本文分析了10种学习策略的有效性,其中测试练习和间隔练习被认定为最有效。其他策略(如交错练习、详细询问、自我解释、归纳总结、关键词法和文本意象等)也呈现出乐观前景。然而,最佳策略只有在激励学生正确使用时才能发挥作用,并不能解决学生在学习过程中面临的所有问题。因此,教导学生如何正确使用有效的学习策略,同时将其与教学内容相结合,将有助于学生终身学习的成功。

This paper focuses on three interrelated metacognitive components in thefield of learning science:(1)learning monitoring,(2)learning time control,and(3)study strategies application.It is revealed that many students adopt relatively ineffective study strategies,such as highlighting,rereading,and last-minute cramming.Although these strategies may appear to perform well superficially,they do not contribute to long-term memory retention and comprehension of the learning material.The lack of mastery in optimal study strategies among students may stem from inadequate instruction in study strategies within the educational system and insuffcient preparation among many teachers regarding effective strategies.To enhance student learning outcomes,this paper reviews the effectiveness of 10 study strategies,with practice testing and spaced practice identified as the most effective.Additionally,other strategies,such as interleaved practice,elaborative interrogation,self-explanation,summarization,keyword mnemonics,and imagery for text,also demonstrate promising results.Nevertheless,the effectiveness of these strategies heavily relies on motivating students to use them correctly and does not address all the challenges students face during the learning process.Thus,educating students on how to utilize effective study strategies and integrating them with instructional content will contribute to students’lifelong learning success.