21世纪以来美国科技政策演变特点及启示

Evolution characteristics and enlightenment of American science and technology policy in 21st century

21世纪以来,新一轮世界科技革命和产业变革加速演进,特别是2008年国际金融危机后各国强化科技战略布局和研发投入,科技强国大国间科技竞争日益激烈,科技政策成为决定科技竞争成败的关键因素。美国意识到其全球科技领导地位受到挑战,遂利用各种手段打压主要科技竞争对手国家。分析近20年来美国政府发布的科技规划、战略方针、研究报告等政策文件和联邦政府长时间序列的研发投入数据的历史演变,以期系统揭示美国科技政策的发展脉络和演变特点,寻找美国科技领导地位相对下降的定量解释依据。研究表明,21世纪以来,美国科技全球领导地位和国家科技竞争实力的相对走弱趋势,与其科技政策惯性及相对平稳发展、重大科技计划或科技工程的战略性引领性趋弱、政府研究与试验发展(R&D)投入强度逐年下降,以及基础研究重视程度下降等密切相关。美国科技政策发展的历史经验对我国具有重要启示意义:科技发展不仅是长期战略性事业,也是高度竞争性事业,科技竞争力的提升是国家长期科技战略导向布局、稳定增长的研发投入力度和重大科技创新突破积累的结果。

In the 21st century,a new round of world scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation has accelerated.Especially after the international financial crisis,countries have strengthened their scientific and technological strategic layout and R&D investment.The international scientific and technological competition has become increasingly fierce,and science and technology policy has become a key factor determining the success or failure of technological competition.This study analyzes the historical evolution of policy documents such as science and technology planning,strategic guidelines and research reports issued by the U.S.government and the long-term R&D input data of the federal government in the past two decades,with a view to revealing the development and evolution characteristics of the U.S.science and technology policy,and thus providing a certain explanation for the relative decline of the U.S.science and technology leading position.It shows that the relative decline of the United States’global leadership in science and technology is closely related to the relatively stable development of science and technology policies,the weakening of strategic leadership of major science and technology plans,the year-on-year decline of government R&D investment intensity and the decline of emphasis on frontier basic research.This has important implications for China’s scientific and technological development:scientific and technological development is not only a long-term strategic undertaking,but also a highly competitive undertaking.The improvement of scientific and technological competitiveness is the result of the national long-term scientific and technological strategy-oriented layout,the steady increase in R&D investment intensity and the accumulation of major scientific and technological innovation breakthroughs.