替代交易法的司法适用——以《合同编通则解释》第六十条第二款规定为中心

Judicial Application of Alternative Transaction Law-Focus on the Article 60(2)of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation

替代交易法作为违约损害赔偿的重要计算方法,首次被《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》(以下简称《合同编通则解释》)所确认。由于市场交易的复杂性,替代交易法的内涵十分丰富,其适用需要结合具体的场景进行分析。在前提条件上,须以合同解除且实际发生替代交易为前提,价格合理与否是其适用中的关键因素。在遵循填平原则的前提下,要注意不同场景中适用替代交易法时与相关成本支出之间的关系,且要做好与市场价格的衔接适用。在多个替代交易并存、替代交易本身违约等特殊场景中要注意体系化适用意思自治原则以及可预见性规则、过失相抵规则等违约损害赔偿的一般规则。审判实践中,法官对于适用替代交易法要用好举证责任杠杆,依法科学行使裁量权。

As an important calculation method of damages for breach of contract,the substitute transaction method has been confirmed by the official Interpretation of General Provisions of Contracts for the first time in the judicial interpretation.Because of the complexity of market,the connotation of substitute transaction method is also very complicated,and its application needs to be analyzed in combination with specific scenarios.Substitute transaction method shall be used in the circumstances that the contract has be terminated and an actual substitute transaction has taken place.Whether the price is reasonable or not is the key factor in justifying its application.Following the principle of full compensation,we should pay attention to the relationship between the application of substitute transaction method and related costs in different scenarios,and market prices shall be taken into consideration as well.We should pay attention to the systematic application of the principle of autonomy of will and the general rules of damages for breach of contract,such as foreseeability rules and comparative negligence rules,as well as the coexistence of multiple substitute transactions and the breach of the transaction contract in some circumstances.Judges should make full use of the shifting the burden of proof and exercise their discretion scientifically according to law when theydeal withthependingcases.