《联合国海洋法公约》四十年之回顾:岛屿制度的相关实践

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea at 4O:Relevant Practice of the Regime of Islands

在《联合国海洋法公约》通过满四十年后,本文从《公约》条文、《公约》机制和机构、特定海域、与全人类有关的问题、以及与中国有关的问题等五个视角来观察与第76、121条相关的嗣后实践。具体而言,本文将从大陆架界限委员会及《公约》附件七仲裁庭的实践来审视四个情况:(1)日本滥用第76条妄图利用冲之鸟礁非法主张200海里专属经济区和大陆架以及超过200海里的外大陆架、(2)中国及韩国运用大陆架界限委员会暂时维护了冲之鸟礁周围的“人类共同继承的财产”、(3)菲律宾滥用附件七仲裁庭发起南海仲裁案对于第121条做出歪曲解释、(4)陷于双重标准的第121条等四大问题。本文通过个案研究发现,在美国主导的“反中运动”之下,第121条的岛屿制度俨然被“武器化”,该条的双标适用却能提供南海维权的逆向思考方向。

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)was adopted some forty-two years ago.This research examines the practices concerning Article 76 and 121 of UNCLOS from five perspectives:provisions of UNCLOS,mechanisms and institutions of UNCLOS,particular sea areas,problems related to all mankind,and problems related to China.Specifically,this research will address four situations regarding the practice of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS)and Arbitration under Annex Ⅶ.Firstly,by employing Oki-no-tori-Shima,Japan has abused Article 76 in an attempt to illegally claim exclusive economic zone,continental shelf and outer continental shelf.Secondly,China and Korea temporarily used the CLCS forum to guard the common heritage of mankind.Thirdly,the Philippines abused the Annex Ⅶ Tribunal procedure by initiating the South China Sea Arbitration to,inter alia,misinterpret Article 121 of UNCLOS.Fourthly,Article 121 of UNCLOS suffers from double standards in interpretation and application.Through the case study,this research reaches its conclusion that,under the US-led"anti-China campaign",the regime of islands under Article121of UNCLOS havebeen"weaponized"against China only.