西夏语“时”义时间词及其语法化

Tense-indicating Temporal Words and Their Grammaticalization in Tangut

西夏语借助三个表示时点和时段的后置词“■”zjo^(2)、“■”zjij^(1)和“■”bjij^(2)来表达“时”的语法范畴。三个词本来分别表示过去、现在和未来,但在存世西夏文献中,“■”zjij^(1)的语义已基本涵盖表示将来的“■”bjij^(2),并进一步语法化为假设复句关联标志。同时,“■”zjij^(1)在西夏文献中也有与“■”zjo^(2)混用的用例,大有涵盖过去、现在和未来用法的趋势。这种与汉语“时”的用法趋同的情形,可能是受汉语影响导致的。

The Tangut language expresses the grammatical meaning of tense with three postpositions■ zjo^(2),■ zjij^(1) and ■ bjij^(2) which indicate“point of time”or“period of time”.The three words used to have a strict distinction in that zjo^(2) expressed the past time,■ zjij^(1)expressed the present time and■ bjij^(2)expressed the future time.However,in the extant Tangut literature,■ zjij^(1) has basically covered the use of■ bjij^(2) in indicating the future time,and has further grammaticalized into a subordinate marker in hypothetical complex sentences;and in the meantime,■ zjij^(1) has also mixed withz■ zjo^(2) in their uses in the Tangut literature,which shows the tendency that ■ zjij^(1)is used for conveying the past,present and future.The convergence of this word with the Chinese word shi时in their uses is likely to be caused by the influence of the Chinese language.