基于GIS的人居环境适宜性时空演化及优化分析——以宁夏回族自治区为例

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Optimization Analysis of Human Settlements Suitability Based on GIS—A case study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

人居环境是人类生存和发展的基础,科学评价人居环境自然适宜性,是了解地区环境承载力的前提,更是实现人与自然和谐共生基本方略的基础性工作。借助GIS软件,以30 m×30 m栅格为基本单元,选取自然限制性因子包括DEM、植被、气象、水文等构建人居环境指数模型,定量评估2010年、2020年宁夏回族自治区人居环境适宜性,并对人居环境适宜性分区进行空间可视化,进而探究宁夏回族自治区人居环境适宜性时空演化特征及空间优化路径。研究表明:(1)宁夏回族自治区2010年的人居环境指数为22.54%~67.31%;2020年的人居环境指数为23.96%~72.62%,宁夏回族自治区10年间整体人居环境指数提高了近9.9%,但近一半地区人居环境指数为32%~42%,表明10年间人居环境适宜性整体有了一定幅度提升,相对于其他地区来说,整体人居环境不佳。(2)从人居环境适宜性空间分布来看,宁夏回族自治区人居环境适宜性具有明显的空间分异,北部银川平原及南部山区整体上适宜性较高,中部荒漠带整体适宜性较低,中部地区人居环境改善空间较大。(3)自然限制性指标中,水文是该地区影响人居环境最大的指标因子,其次是地被、温湿、地形指标。采取相关手段改善该区用水、灌溉条件是提高人居环境最主要和快捷的方式,其次应当坚持防沙治沙工作开展,合理开垦及放牧,注重生态建设。

Human settlements are the basis for human survival and development,and scientific evaluation of the natural suitability of human settlements is the premise for understanding the carrying capacity of regional environment,and it is also the basic work for realizing the basic strategy of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.With the help of GIS software platform,this paper takes the 30m×30m grid as the basic unit,selects natural limiting factors including DEM,vegetation,meteorology,hydrology,etc.to construct a human settlements index model,quantitatively evaluates the suitability of human settlements in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2010 and 2020,and visualizes the spatial visualization of Ningxia habitat suitability zoning.Then,the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and spatial optimization path of human settlement suitability in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region are explored.The results show that:①The human settlements index of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2010 was between 22.54%~67.31%;In 2020,the human settlement index was between 23.96%~72.62%,and the overall human settlements index of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region increased by nearly 9.9%in the past ten years,but the human settlements index in nearly half of the areas was between 32%and 42%,indicating that the suitability of the human settlements environment has improved to a certain extent in the past ten years,and the overall human settlements are not good compared with other regions.②From the perspective of spatial suitability of human settlements,the suitability of human settlements in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has obvious spatial differences,with the overall suitability of the Yinchuan Plain and the southern mountainous areas in the north being high,the overall suitability of the central desert zone being low,and the improvement of human settlements in the central region being larger.③Among the natural limiting indicators,hydrology was the most important factor affecting human settlements in the region,followed by ground cover,temperature and humidity,and topographic indicators.It is the most important and fastest way to improve the living environment by taking relevant means to improve the water and irrigation conditions in the area,and secondly,it is necessary persist in the work of desertification prevention and control,rational reclamation and grazing,and pay attention to ecological construction.