晚明戏曲演员生态谫论

On the Ecology of Xiqu Actors in the Late Ming Dynasty

从生态学的视角来看,对晚明戏曲演员生态的研究属于种群生态研究的范畴。对晚明戏曲演员生态的研究,是认知晚明戏曲生态无法回避的课题。通过对构成晚明戏曲演员生态至为重要的四大生态因素,即职业戏曲演员的组织构成、地域分布、演员间的相互关系和非职业演员进行分析,可以发现,演员组织构成因服务对象而不同,晚明所有的行政区域都有本土演员,演员间的关系为协合、竞争与流动,非职业演员由娱乐型戏曲串客和祭祀型戏剧演员构成,整体来看晚明女性和太监戏曲演员数量当都有所增加。

From an ecological perspective,the study of the ecology of Late Ming Dynasty xiqu actors falls within the realm of population ecology research.Such a study is indispensable for understanding the ecology of late Ming riqu.This article conducts an analysis of four pivotal ecological factors that constitute the Late Ming Dynasty's riqu actor ecology:organizational composition,regional distribution,interrelationships among opera actors,and non-professional xiqu actors.It argues that the organizational composition of ziqu actors varies according to their target audience.Local actors were prevalent across all administrative regions in the late Ming Dynasty,fostering relationships characterized by cooperation,competition,and mobility among actors.Non-professional actors included those oriented toward entertainment and sacrificial xiqu performances.Notably,there was an overall increase in the number of female and eunuch xiqu actors during the late Ming Dynasty.