南北朝沮渠氏茂虔与牧犍名字译音问题--兼谈俄藏“揖王入高昌城事”文本的来源

The Issue of Homophonic Translation of the Name of Maoqian(茂虔)from Juqu(沮渠)Clan and Mujian(牧犍)during the Northern and Southern Dynasty——With a Discussion on the Origin of the Document Yi-Wang Enters Gaochang City in the Russian Collection

河西北凉政权创业主沮渠蒙逊死后,第三子继位,其名,南朝正史皆作“茂虔”,北朝正史皆作“牧犍”,有着严格界限,说明各有不同语言背景和史料来源。按《广韵》:“虔”与“犍”皆为渠焉切,平声仙韵,只是译字不同,不存在译音问题。而“茂”与“牧”:前为莫候切,去声候韵;后为莫六切,入声屋韵。声、韵完全不同。根据清与民国古音学理论,可以断定:南朝作“茂”是变化的中古音,北朝作“牧”是继承的上古音。俄藏吐鲁番出土“揖王入高昌城事”文书,记蒙逊继位者之名作“茂虔”,说明该文书的原始文本来源于南朝。

After the death of Juqu Mengxun,the founder of the Northern Liang state in the Hexi region,he was succeeded by his third son.The name of the heir was recorded as Maoqian(茂虔)across the official historical documents of the Southern Dynasty,but as Mujian(牧键)in the documents of the Northern Dynasty.The strict boundary between the two suggests different linguistic backgrounds and historical sources in the two areas.According to Guang-yun(广韵),both Qian(虔)and Jian(键)can be spelled as Qú(渠)+Yān(焉),with the level tone and rhyme with Xiān(仙).They are only one word transcribed differently,and there is no transliteration problem.As for Mao(茂)and Mu(牧),the former is spelled as Mò(莫)+Zòu(候),with the departing tone and rhymes with Hóu(候);while the latter is spelled as Mò(莫)+Liù(六),with the entering tone and rhymes with Wū(屋).Both the tones and the rhymes of these two characters are different.According to the theories of Chinese historical phonology developed during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic period,we can confirm that Mao(茂)in the Southern Dynasty records represents the transformed pronunciation of Middle Chinese,while Mu(牧)in the Northern Dynasty records inherited the pronunciation of Old Chinese.The Turfan document Yi-Wang enters Gaochang City in the Russian collection recorded the successor of Mengxun as Maoqian(茂虔),which suggests that the original text of the document originated from the Southern Dynasty.