论辨认的立法化

The legislation on identification

辨认作为侦查行为,其结果是形成作为法定证据种类的辨认笔录。辨认立法规范对于约束侦查恣意,保证辨认的客观性和准确性,具有重要价值。长期以来,我国辨认立法规范缺失,直至2012年《刑事诉讼法》才将辨认笔录作为证据种类加以规定,但辨认行为仍游离于立法之外。我国辨认规范肇始于侦查机关规范性文件,经历了由“严”到“宽”、由“多”到“少”的多次修改,走出了一条与刑事诉讼法治“逆向而动”的演进之路。辨认的二元规范体系间充斥着冲突,造成辨认在实践中行为失序、制约失灵、保障无效,导致辨认错误频发,助推了冤错案件的发生。为此,应构建以刑事诉讼法为统摄的辨认规范体系,以推动刑事诉讼法典化,根除辨认实践之流弊。

Identification as a kind of investigative measures results in the generation of identification transcript,which is one type of statutory evidence.Legislation on identification is of great value in constraining the arbitrariness in investigation as well as ensuring the objectivity and authenticity of identification.However,legislation on identification is absent for a long time.Despite in 2012,identification transcript is recognized as one type of evidence in Criminal Procedure Law,identification,as a kind of investigative measure,has not been regulated.Regulation of identification initially is provided in the regulative documents enacted by the criminal investigation authorities.After multiple times of modification,regulation of identification has evolved from stringency towards leniency as well as from“more”towards“less”.Such evolvement represents an undertow beneath the path towards the rule of law inherent in the criminal procedures.The dual regulative arrangement of identification is rife with conflicts,resulting in disorderly practices,unfunctional constraints and ineffective safeguards,together of which further contribute to false identifications and wrongful convictions.Therefore,a normative system of identification within the frame of Criminal Procedure Law should be established in order to promote the codification of criminal procedure law and to eradicate practical problems of identification.