美国“混合战争”战略的理论与实践

US Hybrid Warfare Strategy:Theory and Practice

“混合战争”是当前国际安全学界热议的重要议题,也是美国霸权护持的战略工具。从学术史的发展脉络来看,美国“混合战争”的理论研究历经前理论、创立与发展三个阶段,关于“混合战争”的概念界定与研究主题不断演化。美国推行“混合战争”战略的出发点是维护包括军事霸权、政治霸权、经济霸权及文化霸权在内的全球霸权地位,重点是拉大与战略竞争对手的实力与影响力差距,为此要冲击对手的内外安全态势、政治外交能力、经济科技潜力与话语叙事体系。为达到这个战略目标,美国把“混合战争”作为崭新的霸权护持工具,涵盖正式战争门槛之下的非常规军事行动、代理人战争、政治战、外交战、经济战与信息战等全谱系的对抗方式。在中美竞争中,美国把“混合战争”作为遏制与打压中国的有力手段。出于霸权护持的战略目标,美国不断调配与整合军事、政治、外交、经济、信息等多个权力要素强化对华战略竞争,其“印太战略”被视为“混合战争”在亚太地区的呈现。分析美国“混合战争”战略的理论逻辑及实践进程,有助于深化当代战争的理论研究及研判美国大国竞争战略的未来走向。

Hybrid warfare,which is now a hot topic in international security studies,is a strategic tool for the US to maintain its hegemony.As a review of past literature shows,the US theoretical research on hybrid warfare has gone through three stages — pre-theory,establishment,and development — in which the definition and research focus have constantly evolved.The primary objective of US hybrid warfare is to maintain its global hegemonic position that is manifested in military,political,economic,and cultural aspects.Since the key to this strategy is to widen the gap with its strategic competitors in terms of both power and influence,the US seeks to undermine its rivals' internal and external security posture,political and diplomatic capabilities,economic and technological potential,and discourse and narrative system.To achieve this strategic goal,the US uses the new tool of hybrid warfare,which encompasses the full spectrum of competitive methods short of war such as unconventional military operations,proxy war,and political,diplomatic,economic,and information warfare.In its competition with China,the US looks to hybrid warfare as a powerful means to contain and suppress China.Given its strategic goal of hegemonic maintenance,the US has been steadily deploying and integrating multiple power elements such as military,political,diplomatic,economic,and information components to strengthen its strategic competition with China.The US Indo-Pacific strategy is seen as a manifestation of hybrid warfare in the Asia Pacific.Therefore,an examination of the theoretical logic and practice of US hybrid warfare helps to deepen the theoretical understanding of contemporary warfare and assess the future direction of US strategy for great power competition.