科举制度在越南——基于制度文明的视角

The Imperial Examination System in Vietnam——Based on the Perspective of Institutional Civilization

科举制度作为中国的制度文明,在中越漫长的文化交流中发挥了重要作用。越南科举制度由李朝初创,经陈朝发展过渡,到后黎朝达到鼎盛,终至阮朝式微而停废。越南科举制度大多模仿中国科举制度,也在入试资格、科目设置、考试内容、开科时间和甲第出身等方面出现了本土化的创新。科举制度对越南的政治、教育、文化、社会产生了深远而持久的影响:一是改变了越南的国家人才选拔方式,使之构建起为集权统治服务的稳定官僚队伍;二是完善了越南学校教育体系,丰富了教育内容;三是推动了儒家思想的国际传播,促进了越南多元文化的融合;四是造就了越南士人阶层,塑造了新的社会结构。在当前中国倡导“构建人类命运共同体”,推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展的新时代,以历史为镜而展开科举制度研究,有助于传承与发展中华文明根脉,为新时代中华民族伟大复兴、中国文化走出去提供有益经验。

The imperial examination system,as an institutional civilization of China,played a significant role in the lengthy cultural exchanges between China and Vietnam.The Vietnamese imperial examination system was initially established by the Ly Dynasty,developed during the Tran Dynasty,flourished under the Hau Le Dynasty,and eventually declined and was abol-ished in the Nguyen Dynasty.The Vietnamese system almost imitated the Chinese one,but also innovated in aspects such as el-igibility for entry,subject settings,examination content,the timing of examinations,and the social status of successful candi-dates.The system had a profound and lasting impact on Vietnam's politics,education,culture,and society:first,it changed Vietnam's national talent selection method,building a stable bureaucratic team serving centralized power;second,it perfected the Vietnamese school education system and enriched its educational content;third,it promoted the international spread of Confucian thought and fostered the integration of Vietnam's multicultural society;fourth,it cultivated the Vietnamese scholar class,shaping a new social structure.In the current era,as China advocates for"building a community with a shared future for humanity"and promotes the"Belt and Road"high-quality development strategy,studying the imperial examination system from a historical perspective helps to inherit and develop the roots of Chinese civilization,providing beneficial experience for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the international spread of Chinese culture.