分类运行的制度设计:使农村基层协商民主运转起来

System Design for Classified Operation:Make Rural Grassroots Consultative Democracy Work

完善的协商民主制度是农村基层协商民主运转起来的关键。民主工具论认为,根据具体目标的不同,协商民主分化为不同类型的协商民主实践,而不同类型的基层协商民主实践的制度设计也不同。因此,分类运行的制度设计是农村基层协商民主有效运转的基础条件。从目标和功能视角出发,农村基层协商民主可划分为公共决策类协商民主、决策执行类协商民主、权力监督类协商民主和合法性建构类协商民主。山东单县的乡村夜话对合法性建构类协商民主和决策执行类协商民主进行分类化的制度设计,是对分类运行的制度设计的初步探索。合法性建构类协商民主的制度设计和决策执行类协商民主的制度设计在“协商什么”“谁来协商”“如何协商”“协商结果”四个方面存在较大差异,具体体现在协商目标、协商议题、协商主体、协商流程、协商方式、协商机制和协商效能等方面。

A sound consultative democracy system is the key to the operation of rural grassroots consultative democracy.According to the tool theory of democracy,consultative democracy is divided into different types of consultative democracy practices according to different specific goals.The system design of different types of grassroots consultative democracy practice is also different.Therefore,system design of classified operation is the basic condition for the effective operation of consultative democracy at the rural grassroots level.From the perspective of objectives and functions,rural grassroots consultative democracy can be divided into public decision-making consultative democracy,decision-making implementation consultative democracy,power supervision consultative democracy,and legitimacy construction consultative democracy.The rural night talk of Shanxian County,Shandong Province,designed the system of consultative democracy of legitimacy construction and consultative democracy of decision execution,which is a preliminary exploration of system design of classified operation.The institutional design of deliberative democracy in the category of legitimacy construction and that of consultative democracy in the category of decision execution have great differences in the four aspects of what to negotiate,who to negotiate,how to negotiate and negotiation result,which are specifically reflected in the negotiation objective,negotiation topic,negotiation subject,negotiation process,negotiation method,negotiation mechanism and negotiation efficiency.