非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪疑难问题探究

Research on Difficult Problems of Crime of Illegally Implanting Gene-edited and Cloned Embryos

人类基因编辑行为影响受试者的身体健康,威胁人类遗传的安全,践踏底线生命伦理,因而我国立法者将非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎行为犯罪化。探究设立该罪保护的法益,不能停留于生命健康、公共卫生等传统法益层面,而要上升到人类遗传安全和生命伦理层面。非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎行为是否值得刑罚处罚,应当从危害结果、行为人的人身危险性、现代风险、底线伦理四个方面考量。认识非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪的实行行为,要从形式与实质两个方面展开。在形式方面,基于罪刑法定原则的要求,应排除刑法没有明确规定的四种行为;在实质方面,基于法益保护原则,应排除对人类传统安全、生命伦理没有危险性的基础实验、临床前实验。另外,不能将胚胎、受试者误解为非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪的犯罪对象。

Because the human gene editing behavior affects the physical health of subjects,threatens human genetic safety,tramples on the bottom line of bioethics,Chinese legislators criminalizes Illegally Implanting Gene-edited or Cloned Embryos behavior.The exploration of the legal interests which this crime protects,should not be limited to traditional legal interests such as life and health,public health,etc.,but rise to the level of human genetic safety and bioethics.Whether the Illegally Implanting Gene-edited or Cloned Embryos behavior is worthy of criminal punishment,should be considered from four perspectives:the harmful consequences,the personal danger of the perpetrator,modern risks,and bottom-line ethics.To Understand the perpetrating act of crime of Illegally Implanting Gene-edited or Cloned Embryos,we need to start from both formal and substantive perspectives.On the formal side,based on the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime,four types of behaviors that are not explicitly stipulated in the criminal law should be excluded;On the substantive side,based on the principle of protecting legal interests,basic experiments and preclinical experiments that pose no risk to traditional human safety and bioethics should be excluded.In addition,we should not misunderstand embryos and subjects as criminal targets of the crime of Illegally Implanting Gene-edited or Cloned Embryos.