农村集体经济组织法人的内在逻辑与制度表达

The Internal Logic and Institutional Expression of Legal Persons in Rural Collective Economic Organizations as Legal Entities

农村集体经济组织是实现乡村振兴战略的重要主体,《民法典》确认其特别法人地位,奠定了未来中国土地改革的基础。农村集体经济组织具有存续期间的先在性、组织职能的双重性、成员资格的封闭性和集体资产的公有性等特别属性,亦正是该特别属性导致农村集体经济组织陷入外延边界不清、组织职能分配不均衡、组织内农民难以受益和面临市场风险等制度困境,亟需进行法律上合理的制度表达。应厘清农村集体经济组织与村民委员会的角色定位并实现“政经分离”,适当剥离公共事业服务职能并强化生产经营性职能,在适度开放集体成员资格的同时设立成员双层结构,承认农村集体经济组织的破产能力,但应将集体土地所有权及非经营性资产本身从责任财产范围中予以剔除。

Rural collective economic organizations play a crucial role in realizing the rural revitaliza-tion strategy.The enactment of the Civil Code confirms their special legal entity status and lays the foun-dation for future land reform in China.Rural collective economic organizations possess distinctive attri-butes such as pre-existence,duality of organizational functions,closed membership,and public owner-ship of collective assets.However,it is these very attributes that have led to institutional dilemmas in-cluding blurred external boundaries,uneven distribution of organizational functions,limited benefits for farmers within the organization,and exposure to market risks.Therefore,it is urgent to establish a le-gally sound institutional expression.It is essential to clarify the roles of rural collective economic organi-zations and village committees,achieveing a separation of governance and economy.Public service func-tions should be appropriately separated,while production and operational functions are strengthened.Si-multaneously,a dual-layer membership structure should be established,allowing for a moderate opening of collective membership qualifications.The insolvency capacity of rural collective economic organiza-tions should be recognized,but the collective ownership of land and non-operational assets should be ex-cluded from the scope of liability.