基于范式识别的科学评价新趋向论析

An Analysis of New Trends in Scientific Evaluation Based on Paradigm Identification

传统科学评价方法存在引文依赖、重论文数量而轻质量、时效性差等诸多局限,面对大数据和人工智能技术的蓬勃发展,科学评价亟待实现新的转向。由科学哲学家托马斯·库恩围绕科学革命的结构所发展的“范式”理论为科学评价的新转向提供了重要的理论依归。具体而言,在常规科学时期,科学评价者基于大数据技术而全景式揭示科学世界的结构,并通过识别研究者的位置而判断其学术贡献;在科学革命时期,通过定位研究者在范式转换中所发挥的作用,则可对其学术贡献作出评判。科学评价走向范式识别兼具必要性和可能性,而新兴的共词分析等方法则为基于范式识别的科学评价落地提供了条件。展望未来,全景式、多模态、动态式、历时性、循证式的科学评价已渐成主流,科学评价将在引领科学事业的创新发展方面发挥越来越重要的作用。

The traditional methods of scientific evaluation have their limitations,such as stressing citations and quantity over quality and timeliness.Faced with the booming development of big data and artificial intelligence,scientific evaluation ur⁃gently needs to be transformed.The“paradigm”theory developed by philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn on the“struc⁃ture of scientific revolutions”provides a valuable theoretical framework for this new transformation.Specifically,during the normal science period,evaluators can utilize big data techniques to reveal a panoramic structure of the scientific world and determine researchers’academic contributions by identifying their positions within it.During scientific revolutions,researchers’contributions can be assessed by identifying their roles in paradigm shifts.The shift towards paradigm identi⁃fication in scientific evaluation is both necessary and feasible,and the emerging co-word analysis method provides condi⁃tions for this paradigm-based approach.Looking ahead,panoramic,multimodal,dynamic,diachronic,and evidence-based scientific evaluation is becoming the norm and will play an increasingly important role in driving scientific innova⁃tions.