我国优秀男排运动员发球技术运用评价标准的探索——基于发球类型、球速与效果的实证研究

Exploration of the Evaluation Criteria for the Application of Serve Techniques of Outstanding Male Volleyball Players in China:An Empirical Study Based on Serve Type,Ball Speed and Technical Effect

发球已成为现代高水平男排比赛制胜的重要因素,建立科学的发球技术运用评价标准,助力优秀男排运动队提高发球训练和比赛水平,在理论和实践上都具有重要意义。该研究运用Smart Coach雷达测速仪和Data Volley 4,对2022—2023中国男排超级联赛1~8名全部41场比赛发球与其接发球技术效果进行随机抽样测量统计,探讨不同发球类型、球速与其技术效果的关系,建立科学且实用性强的发球技术运用效果评价标准。研究发现:1)跳发大力球和跳发飘球的使用率分别为60%和40%、球速区间分别为68~126 km/h和42~69 km/h、6分类技术效果上存在显著性差异(χ^(2)=107.1,P<0.01);而跳发大力球球速在100 km/h以下不同球速区间的发球有效率均差于60~69 km/h区间的跳发飘球;球速在100 km/h以上的跳发大力球有效率和得分占比均高于跳发飘球,且随着球速升高有效率升高;2)跳发大力球和跳发飘球球速分别与接发球技术效果间存在显著相关关系(R=0.204和0.115,P<0.01);3)发球的局均得分与最大球速水平之间存在显著正相关性(R=0.612,P<0.01),线性回归(R2=0.375,P<0.001);4)8名外援运动员和国内最大球速前8名的国内运动员的最大球速水平均值分别为(109.8±6.8)km/h和(108.4±1.7)km/h,没有发现显著性差异(P=0.59),但两者在最大球速上仍有较大差距(126 km/h vs 111 km/h)。由此,在建立评价标准的同时,得出:1)最大球速水平可以作为发球技术优劣的一个重要的评价指标;2)在跳发飘球和跳发大力球方式上,球速与接发球效果之间均存显著性相关,跳发大力球的相关性大于跳发飘球,且整体技术运用效果好于跳发飘球;3)从球速区间来看,球速区间越高,发球有效率越大等结论。建议进一步对男排世界级比赛、洲际比赛和全国青年比赛进行球速与其效果的相关研究,建立不同级别水平比赛的发球技术运用效果评价标准,为促进我国高水平男排的训练提供一个更全面且科学的参考模型。

The serve has become an important factor in winning modern high-level men volleyball matches,and it is of great significance in theory and practice to establish a scientific evaluation standard of serve technique to help excellent men’s volleyball teams to improve the level of serve training and competition.Using Smart Coach radar speed meter and Data Volley 4,this paper randomly sampled and measured the serve and its technical effect of reception of all 41 matches of the top eight players in the 2022-2023 Chinese Men’s Volleyball Super League,and explored the correlation between the speed of serve and its technical effect,with a view to establishing a scientific evaluation standard of serve techniques.The research found that:(1)The utilization rates of the jump serve and jump float were 60%and 40%respectively,and the ball speed intervals were 68-126 km/h and 42-69 km/h respec⁃tively.The effective rate of serve was worse than that of jump float in the range of 60-69 km/h.There was a very sig⁃nificant difference in the 6 classification technical effect(χ^(2)=107.1,P<0.01).The effective rate of jump serve at ball speeds below 100 km/h was lower than that of jump float at speeds between 60-69 km/h.The effective rate and the percentage of score of jump serve at speeds above 100 km/h were higher than that of jump float,and the effec⁃tive rate increased with the increase of ball speed.(2)There was a very significant correlation between the speed of the jump serve,jump float and the effectiveness of the reception technique effect,respectively(R=0.204 and 0.115,P<0.01).3)There was a significant positive correlation(R=0.612,P<0.01)and linear regression(R2=0.375,P<0.001)between the average score of the set of serve and the level of maximal ball speed.4)The mean maximal ball speeds of the 8 foreign athletes and the top 8 domestic athletes with maximal ball speeds were(109.8±6.8)km/h and(108.4±1.7)km/h,respectively,with no significant difference(P=0.59),However,there was still a large gap between the two in term of the maximum ball speed(126 km/h vs 111 km/h).As a result,while establish⁃ing the evaluation criteria,it was concluded that:1)The level of maximum ball speed can be used as an important evaluation index of the strengths and weaknesses of serve technique.2)There is a significant correlation between the ball speed and the effect of reception in the way of the jump float and jump serve,the correlation of the jump sever is greater than that of the jump float,and the overall effect of its technique is better than that of the jump float.3)In terms of the range of the ball speeds,the higher the range of the speeds,the greater the effective rate of serve.3)From the perspective of ball speed interval,the higher the ball speed interval is,the greater the effective rate of serve is.It is suggested to further study the correlation between ball speed and its effect in men’s volleyball world-class matches,intercontinental matches and national youth matches,and establish the evaluation standard of the effect of serve technique in different levels of matches,so as to provide a more comprehensive and scientific reference model for promoting China’s high-level men volleyball training.