真实-自我知觉的动作能力一致性与儿童身体活动的关系——自主性动机的中介作用

The Effect of Actual-Perceived Motor Competence Congruence on Physical Activity in Children-The Mediating Role of Autonomous Motivation

目的:为丰富儿童身体活动(physical activity,PA)变化发展机制模型的内容,根据自我差异理论、自我决定理论、能力动机理论和自我提升理论,探讨真实动作能力(motor competence,MC)与自我知觉动作能力(perceived MC,PMC)的一致性与儿童PA水平的关系以及自主性动机的中介作用。方法:采用多项式回归与响应面分析技术,对济南市4所小学的369名3~6年级儿童的MC、PMC、自主性动机和PA数据进行分析。结果:1)MC-PMC一致性程度越高,女童的PA水平越高(a4=-0.417,P<0.01),但男童未出现相似结果(a4=-0.146,P>0.05);2)在一致情况下,相比于“MC低-PMC低”的儿童,“MC高-PMC高”的男童(Z-hat=1.135,95%CI:0.743,1.530)和女童的PA水平更高(a2=-0.044,P>0.05;a1=0.356,P<0.01);3)在不一致情况下,与“MC高-PMC低”的儿童相比,“MC低-PMC高”的男童(a3=-0.252,P<0.01;a4=-0.146,P>0.05)和女童的PA水平更高(Z-hat=-0.426,95%CI:-0.912,-0.008);4)自主性动机在MC-PMC的一致性与男童的PA关系之间存在中介作用(b=0.135,95%CI:0.095,0.182),但该中介作用未出现在女童中(b=0.029,95%CI:-0.083,0.143)。结论:在中国文化背景下,小学中高年级女童的PMC越准确,其PA水平就越高;MC和PMC都高的儿童以及适当高估MC的儿童的PA水平更高;纳入自主性动机后的PA变化的发展机制模型可能更适用于男童。建议促进儿童PA水平时需强化MC与PMC的同步提升,尤其重视女童PMC的准确性和低估MC儿童的PMC水平的提升。

Objective:To optimize the developmental mechanisms influencing physical activity trajectories of chil‐dren,this study explored the effect of actual and perceived motor competence(PMC)congruence on physical ac‐tivity(PA)and the mediating role of autonomous motivation in Chinese children based on self-discrepancy theory,self-determination theory,competence motivation theory and self-enhancement theory.Methods:A total of 369 chil‐dren in grades 3 to 6 recruited from four primary schools in Jinan,and their actual motor competence(MC),PMC,autonomous motivation and PA were measured using the Canadian Agility and Motor Skills Assessment,the Self-Perception Profile for Children,the Sport Motivation Scale and the Yamax EX 510 pedometer,respectively.Polynomial regression and response surface analysis were used to examine the impact of MC-PMC congruence on PA by gender.Results:1)The higher the congruence between MC and PMC,the higher level of PA in girls(a4=-0.417,P<0.01),but not in boys(a4=-0.146,P>0.05);2)Compared to children with“low MC and low PMC”congruence,children with“high MC and high PMC”congruence had higher level of PA(boys:Z-hat=1.135,95%CI:0.743,1.530;girls:a2=-0.044,P>0.05,a1=0.356,P<0.01);3)Compared to children with“high MC and low PMC”incongruence,children with“low MC and high PMC”had higher level of PA(boys:a3=-0.252,P<0.01,a4=-0.146,P>0.05;girls:Z-hat=-0.426,95%CI:-0.912,-0.008);4)The MC and PMC congruence influenced boys’PA through autonomous motivation(b=0.135,95%CI:0.095,0.182),but the mediator role of autonomous motivation did not appear in girls(b=0.029,95%CI:-0.083,0.143).Conclusion:In the Chinese cultural context,the more accurate the PMC of girls in the middle and upper primary grades,the higher their PA levels.PA levels were higher in children with both high MC and high PMC and in those with overestimated MC.The model of developmental mechanisms influencing physical activity trajectories of children that incorporates autonomous motivation may be more applicable to boys.It is recommended that the simultaneous enhancement of MC and PMC needs to be reinforced when promoting children’s PA levels,with particular attention to the accuracy of PMC in girls and children with underestimated MC.