新世纪上海集合住宅设计的发展与特征

THE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SHANGHAI CONGREGATE HOUSING DESIGN IN THE NEW CENTURY

进入新世纪,上海集合住宅建设总量迅速增长,设计理念和设计手法相应发展,其历史沿革、住宅属性、总体布局、单体设计和相关技术等方面,呈现了鲜明的阶段性特征,产生了一批有影响力的作品。第一阶段是探索期,在大小、高低、变化等方面形成了多样探索;第二阶段是调整期,面对“7090”政策和保障性住房的发展,进行了适应性设计;第三阶段是深化发展期,在2035总体规划和新城建设、旧城更新等新的发展形势下,对社会保障住房、绿色节能和更新改造等进行了深化的探讨。本文通过对上海集合住宅近20年的20个代表性案例的简析,总结出它们在解决发展需要、探索形态表达、丰富平面类型、发展保障住房、应用绿建技术和应对存量更新上做出的相应贡献。本文也分析了存在的不足,即商品的住房标准化影响了设计创新、优秀的社会保障住房作品少、建筑技术受限于市场要求等,以期对未来住宅设计的发展方向具有启示作用。

Entering the 21st century,the total construction of collective residential buildings in Shanghai has rapidly increased.Correspondingly,there has been a development indesignconceptsand techniques.Inaspects suchas historical evolution,residential attributes,overall layout,individual design,and related technologies,distinctive phased characteristics have emerged,giving rise to a collection of influential works.The first phase was an exploratory period,where diverse explorations were made in terms of size,height,variation,and other aspects.The second phase was an adjustment period,adapting to the"7090"policy(note:a policy requiring that more than 70%of newly constructed residential units have a floor area below90 squaremeters)and the development of affordable housing.The designs during this period were tailored to meet these requirements.The third phase was a period of deepening development.In the context of the2035Overall Plan,newurbanconstruction,and the renewal of old cities,discussions deepened regarding social security housing,green energy efficiency,and renovation.This paper presents a brief analysis of twenty representative cases of collective residential buildings in Shanghai over the past two decades,summarizing their contributions in meeting developmental needs,exploring morphological expressions,diversifying layout types,developing security housing,employing green building technologies,and addressing existing stock renovations.This paper also examines existing shortcomings,such as standardized housing affecting design innovation,a scarcity of outstanding social security housing works,and architectural technologies being limited by market demands.The purpose is to shed light on the direction of future residential design development.