近代中国海港检疫机构对重大传染病的预防、检测与应对措施探析:以近代天津海港检疫为例

Analysis of Prevention,Detection,and Response Measures of Major Infectious Diseases by Modern Chinese Seaport Quarantine Institutions:A Case Study of Modern Tianjin Seaport Quarantine

晚清时期,为防止日本、中国香港、东北等地的疫情传入天津,天津海关逐步建立起天津海港检疫制度。天津海港检疫机构施检的重大传染病包括霍乱、鼠疫、天花、斑疹伤寒和黄热病,其中霍乱是近代天津地区爆发最频繁、影响力最大的传染病,鼠疫、天花次之,未发现斑疹伤寒和黄热病大规模流行的记载。天津海港检疫机构在抵制外来传染病入侵的过程中逐渐成熟,建立起以船舶检验为基础,以预防注射、鼠蚤研究和疾病诊疗为核心的业务体系。天津海港检疫机构在重大传染病预防、检测与应对方面发挥了积极的作用,开辟了国人自主办理国境卫生检疫的先河,其历史实践和检疫模式是认识和了解近代中国检疫传染病发展史的一个窗口,具有十分重要的借鉴价值。

During the late Qing Dynasty,Tianjin Customs gradually established the seaport quarantine system to prevent the spread of epidemics from Japan,Hong Kong China,and the Northeast.The major infectious diseases inspected by the quarantine institution of Tianjin Port include cholera,plague,smallpox,typhus and yellow fever,of which cholera is the most frequent and influential infectious disease in modern Tianjin,followed by plague and smallpox,and no large-scale epidemics of typhus and yellow fever have been found.In the process of preventing the spreading of foreign infectious diseases,the quarantine institution of Tianjin Port has gradually developing.A set of business system has been established,which is based on ship inspection and takes preventive injection,rat flea research and disease diagnosis and treatment as the core.In conclusion,the seaport quarantine institutions in Tianjin played an active role in the prevention,detection,and response to major infectious diseases,opened up a precedent for Chinese people to independently handle border health quarantine.Its historical practice and quarantine mode are a window for understanding the development history of quarantine infectious diseases in modern China,which has very important reference value.