清华简“书”类文献的文本性质与墨家贤人观的扩充机制

The Text Nature of the Documents of Shangshu in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips andthe Expanding Mechanism of the Mohist Sages View

清华简《程寤》《说命》《尹至》《尹诰》等“书”类文献蕴含着墨家“顺天志”“明鬼神”“尚贤”等思想观念,通过传“书”、改“书”、造“书”,墨家突出了上帝神鬼的现实政治功用,展现了独特的历史书写意识,这都能说明清华简“书”类文献系墨家传本。墨家通过改作史实,把伊尹、傅说打造成出身卑微但功绩卓绝的贤人,借此将冲决贵族血缘关系合法性主张置于墨家化的历史故事之中。清华简《治邦之道》《治政之道》则反映出战国中后期墨家通过批判现实、选贤任能体制化及吸收其他诸子立论等方式,从理论建构层面进一步扩充了贤人观。

The documents of Shangshu in the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips such as the Chengwu,Yueming,Yinzhi and Yingao contained the ideological concepts of Mohist school such as“obey fate”“showcasing ghosts”and“advocating for sages”.Through the transmission,modification,and creation of Shangshu,Mohist school highlighted the practical political function of Gods and ghosts,demonstrating a unique historical writing consciousness.These can all indicated that the documents of Shangshu in the Tsinghua bamboo slips were Mohist transmissions.The Mohist school transformed Yi Yin and Fu Yue into virtuous individuals from humble backgrounds but with outstanding achievements by rewriting them as historical facts,thus placing the proposition of the legitimacy of breaking away from aristocratic blood relationships in the historical stories of Mohistization.The Tsinghua bamboo slips The Way of Governance and The Method of Governance reflected that in the mid to late Warring States period,the Mohist school further expanded the concept of sages from a theoretical construction level by criticizing reality,institutionalizing the selection and appointment of talents,and absorbing the opinions of other scholars.