从“斗殴杀”到“伤害罪”:刑法近代化转型镜鉴

From“Fight and Kill”To“Injury Crime”:On the Transformation of the Modernization of Criminal Law

西法东渐以来,将杀人罪按照主观意图分为故意杀人罪和过失杀人罪两种。以清代斗殴杀为切入点,从立法和司法两个维度来探索刑法近代化转型。民国试图摒弃“具体情形”式立法,以抽象概念取代之。立法遂呈现不周延性,即清代斗杀类犯罪实际上无法准确归类于故意或过失杀人罪之中,遂引入伤害致死罪、聚众斗殴罪来弥补漏洞。司法上,法官断案时引用西方法律术语较少,仍援用以犯罪工具、犯罪行为等标识形成的具体情形来帮助判案的清朝模式。以清末民初刑法转型为鉴,我国现行法律改革应以内因为改革动力,循序渐进,立法语言应以规范和易懂相结合。

concepts.Consequently,legislation faced delays,making it challenging to precisely classify the crime of fighting and killing in the Qing Dynasty as intentional or negligent manslaughter.To address this,the crimes of death from injury and affray were introduced to fill the gaps.Judicially,judges rarely cited Western legal terms when handling cases,continuing to rely on the Qing Dynasty model based on specific cases formed by criminal tools and acts to adjudicate cases.Drawing parallels with the transformation of criminal law in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,the ongoing legal reform in China should prioritize reform impetus,standardize legislative language for ease of understanding.