气候融资界定与核算的分歧及其背后的政治逻辑:基于“建设性模糊”视角的分析

Differences in the Definition and Accounting of Climate Finance and the Political Logic Behind Them:an Analysis from the Perspective of"Constructive Ambiguity"

2023年11月,第二十八届联合国气候变化大会(COP28)再次确认“发达国家承诺每年向发展中国家提供1000亿美元的气候融资”,然而国际社会并未对气候融资这一关键概念形成明确、统一的范畴界定和核算方法。为此,本文对当前全球范围内主要机构在气候融资上存在的概念界定、范畴设置、核算方法等方面分歧展开详细梳理与分析,提出运用“建设性模糊”视角来看待分歧背后的政治逻辑。首先,鉴于气候融资具有变革性,“建设性模糊”可以提供更多灵活性以应对不确定性;其次,“建设性模糊”能够为国家提供一定自主权,各国政府可以利用“建设性模糊”规则为本国利益保留合理的政策空间;再者,在现实环境存在大量形势不确定性与信息不完整性条件下,达成一个各方均满意的条约文本成本巨大,“建设性模糊”可以节约谈判各方达成协议的成本。在上述分析基础上,本文结合我国气候融资实践,从加强国际合作、借鉴国际经验、落实国家自主贡献、推动减缓与适应领域相平衡等几个方面提出相关政策建议。

In November 2023,the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference(COP28)reconfirmed the"commitment of developed countries to provide$100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries",however,the international community has not yet developed a clear,unified definition of the scope and accounting methodology of the key concept of climate finance.Therefore,this paper combs and analyzes in detail the differences in climate finance definition,category setting and accounting methods of major institutions around the world at present,and puts forward to look at the political logic behind the differences from the perspective of"constructive ambiguity".First,given the transformative nature of climate finance,"constructive ambiguity"can provide more flexibility to deal with uncertainty;Second,"constructive ambiguity"can provide a certain degree of autonomy for countries,and governments can use the"constructive ambiguity"rule to reserve reasonable policy space for their own interests;Furthermore,under the condition that there are a lot of situation uncertainties and incomplete information in the real environment,the cost of reaching a treaty text that is satisfactory to all parties is huge,and"constructive ambiguity"can save the cost of negotiating parties to reach an agreement.On the basis of the above analysis,this paper puts forward some relevant policy suggestions from the aspects of strengthening international cooperation,learning from international experience,implementing national independent contributions,and promoting the balance between mitigation and adaptation.