天人关系的哲学省思与现代出路

Philosophical Reflection and the Modern Way on the Relationship between Heaven and Humans

儒家的超越思想直接关乎天人关系问题。从儒学史看,内外超越各有隐患:宋明以来,内在超越的完备发展潜藏着人对天的僭越,而西周时期流行的外在超越则存在天对自主之人的否定。究其根源在于:形而上学的“大全”执念导致两种超越具有合一的趋向,即先验哲学的内在超越与超验神学的外在超越为达到完备而相互侵吞。这意味着,唯有放弃“大全”执念才能根本克服内外超越的隐患。这在孔孟思想中体现为内外超越各司其职、协调平衡:内在心性作为超越既有经验的先天能力,确立了自主之人的先验根据,即“自得”;外在天命作为心性承载的最高价值,确立自主之人不断超越的旨归,即“事天”;二者协调相剂即“率性”。这为当今重新协调天人关系、恰当安顿自主之人提供了有益的参考。

The transcendent thought conceived in Confucianism is directly related to the issue of the relationship between heaven and humans.From the perspective of the history of Confucianism,there are hidden dangers in both internal and external transcendence:since the Song(960-1279)and Ming(1368-1644)dynasties,the complete development of internal transcendence has hidden the usurpation of heaven by humans,while the popular external transcendence formed in the Western Zhou period(1046-771BCE)has resulted in the negation of independent humans by heaven.The root cause lies in the obsession of a“all-inclusive”metaphysics,which leads to a tendency of unity between the two types of transcendence,namely the internal transcendence of transcendental philosophy and the external transcendence of transcendental theology,which invade each other to achieve completeness.This means that only by giving up the obsession with“all-inclusiveness”can we fundamentally overcome the hidden dangers of internal and external transcendence.This is reflected in the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius as inner and outer transcendence,each staying in their own places and coordinating and balancing with the other:the innate ability of the inner mind to transcend existing experiences establishes a priori basis for independent individuals,namely“self-satisfaction”;the external destiny,as the highest value carried by the mind,establishes the ultimate goal for independent individuals to constantly transcend,that is,“obeying heaven”.The coordination between the two is called“following nature”.This provides useful reference for reconciling the relationship between heaven and humanity and properly securing the role of independent individuals today.