两宋地方社会中的先代帝王祭祀

The Sacrifice Rituals of Previous Emperors in Local Societies of Song Dynasty

两宋地方社会中祭祀先代帝王的风习既与朝廷礼制不同,也明显区别于其他民间神祠信仰。祭祀对象与祠庙地点都不受国家礼典限制,特定地域内的信仰风习以先代帝王的生平事迹为依托。只有国家礼典之外的先代帝王祠庙才会得到赐额、封号,这是因为朝廷祭祀先代帝王的动机与封赐不同,两者关注的“功德”也有实质区别。基层民众祭祀先代帝王祠庙的活动富有功利性,地方官在到任告祭与祈祭禳灾时则会将先代帝王的生平事迹与现实需求相关联,用理性逻辑包装功利的祭祀动机。

In local societies of Song dynasty, the sacrifice rituals for previous emperors were different from similar rituals in state sacrifice system, as well as the worship of local deities. Objectives and locations of these rituals were immune to the state regulations. Besides, in certain regions the customs of sacrifice took their rise in previous emperors' deeds. Since the motivation of the state sacrifice rituals and the local sacrifice rituals were quite different, only the memorial temples of the previous emperors, which were outside the state ritual system, could get “ci'e” or “fenghao” from the royal court. Though both the two kinds of rituals concerned the “merits and virtues”, the practical meaning of this concept were not the same. Motives of grassroots' sacrifice were imbued with utilitarianism and pragmatism. Meanwhile, local officials concealed their utilitarian motives by rational logic, in the sacrifice rituals of assuming office or eliminating disaster, they related previous emperors' deeds to their realistic needs.