从《齐丛碑》看清末牛丛组织性质的转变

Viewing the Nature Transformation of the Niu Cong Organization in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Qi Cong Stele

牛丛是明清时期云贵少数民族地区的基层自治组织。由于其运行多依习惯法进行,流存的文字材料较少,经考证,贵州省盘州市柏果镇光绪时期的《齐丛碑》,反映了清末牛丛组织性质的变化。嘉庆之后牛丛组织成为滥用“苗例”的地方联盟组织,对偷盗等行为私自处以火烧极刑,故被政府明令取缔。光绪时期《齐丛碑》反映了牛丛组织的新生,即由地方联盟武装组织变成民事组织,其对偷盗处罚方式已由私刑火烧改为经济惩罚,体现了清末少数民族地区内地化进程中的国家在场,反映了“苗例”正被“国法”取代的趋势。

Niu Cong was a grassroots autonomous organization in the Yungui ethnic area during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Since its operation is mostly carried out according to customary law,there are few written materials left.Today,Qi Cong Stele in the Guangxu period in Boguo Town,Panzhou City,Guizhou Province is a rare Niu Cong Stele,reflecting the changes in the nature of Niu Cong in the late Qing Dynasty.After the Jiaqing period,the Niu Cong organization became a local alliance organization that abused the“Miao example”and privately punished theft and other behaviors with burning and capital punishment.Therefore,it was officially banned by the government.During the Guangxu period,Qi Cong Stele reflected the rebirth of the Niu Cong organization,which transformed from a local alliance armed organization to a civil organization.Its punishment for theft had changed from lynching and burning to economic punishment,reflecting the presence of the state in the process of inland ethnic areas in the late Qing Dynasty,and reflecting the trend of“Miao example”being replaced by“national law”.