宋代雇佣奴婢考论

A Study on the Employment of Slaves in Song Dynasty

中国古代存在着奴婢群体,他们在现实社会中的地位、处境及其与主家的关系,在不同时代有不同的表现。在宋代,法律规定的奴婢同实际生活中的奴婢的身份有所不同,雇佣关系更加明显,宋代的雇佣奴婢主要来源于债务和人生买卖,这样的雇佣奴婢大体包括三类,即完全依靠以日计酬的雇佣维持生计、有自己的营生在闲暇之时从事雇佣劳动及在主人家内部生活。雇佣奴婢与主家之间虽有“主仆之分”,其社会地位有一定提高,但仍然处于社会底层。

There were slave groups in ancient China.Their status and situation in the real society and their relationship with the master family had different manifestations in different times.In the Song Dynasty,the status of slaves and maidservants stipulated by law was different from that of slaves in real life,and the employment relationship was more obvious.In the Song Dynasty,maidservants and maidservants mainly came from debt and life trading.Such maidservants and maidservants generally included three types,that is,they depended entirely on daily wage employment to make a living,had their own livelihood and engaged in wage labor in their spare time,and lived in the master's family.Although there is a"master and servant division"between the hired slaves and the master family,their social status has been improved to a certain extent,but they are still at the bottom of society.