世界优秀运动员竞技水平峰值特征研究进展

Research Progress on Peak Characteristics of Performance Progression in World Elite Athletes

目的:通过梳理世界优秀运动员竞技水平峰值特征,总结优秀运动员峰值年龄和峰值表现窗口期特征的研究进展。方法:主要采用文献调研法,在中国知网核心期刊和Web of science核心合集数据库中检索相关文献并系统归纳提炼。结果:游泳、铁人三项、网球和高尔夫项目男子运动员的峰值年龄晚于女子运动员,而自行车和田径项目的研究结果则与之相反;随着田径竞赛、自行车和铁人三项项目竞赛距离的增加,运动员的峰值年龄出现了显著性的增大,而在游泳项目运动员中则表现出与之相反的规律;游泳和网球项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最早,其次为冰球和除马拉松以外田径项目的运动员,马拉松、自行车、铁人三项及高尔夫项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最晚;有研究认为男子运动员的峰值表现窗口期略长于女子运动员,但也有研究认为男、女运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度无显著差异;田径相关研究认为田赛和长跑项目运动员的峰值表现窗口期长于短跑和跨栏项目运动员,而游泳相关研究表明随着比赛距离的增加,游泳运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度逐渐缩短。结论:峰值表现特征是当前国内、外的研究热点,但多数研究主要存在于游泳和田径项目,且研究对象的运动水平也没有明确划分,探索不同项目、不同水平运动员的竞技水平峰值特征是今后研究的趋势;我国在峰值表现上的基础理论研究较为薄弱,因此应加强运动员培养体系和多年训练规划的研究,为科学化、系统化的培养体制提供理论支撑。

Objective:This study aims to summarize the research progress on the peak performance characteristics of world-class athletes and the features of peak age and window of peak performance among elite athletes.Methods:The literature review method was mainly used,searching and systematically summarizing relevant studies from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)core journals and the Web of Science core collection database.Results:The peak age of male athletes in swimming,triathlon,tennis,and golf is later than that of female athletes,while the results for cycling and athletics projects are opposite.With the increase of race distance in athletics,cycling,and triathlon events,the peak age of athletes shows a significant increase,while the opposite trend is observed in swimming.The sports with the earliest peak age are swimming and tennis,followed by ice hockey and athletics(excluding marathons).The sports with the latest peak age are marathons,cycling,triathlon,and golf.Some studies suggest that the window of peak performance for male athletes is slightly longer than that of female athletes,while others indicate no significant difference in the window of peak performance between male and female athletes.Studies in athletics suggest that the window of peak performance is longer for field events and long-distance running compared to short sprints and hurdles.Swimming-related research indicates that the window of peak performance for swimmers gradually shortens with the increase of race distance.Conclusion:Peak performance characteristics are currently a research focus both domestically and internationally,but most studies mainly focus on swimming and athletics.Additionally,the study subjects'athletic levels are not clearly defined.Exploring the peak performance characteristics of athletes in different sports and at different levels is the trend for future research.The theoretical research on peak performance in China is relatively weak,thus efforts should be made to strengthen the research on athlete development systems and long-term training planning,providing theoretical support for a scientific and systematic training system.