互动仪式视域下清鲜外交文书中的敬谦语

Respect and Modesty Language in the Diplomatic Documents of the Qing Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty from the Perspective of Interaction Ritual

《同文汇考》是朝鲜王朝时期用汉文字撰写的外交文书集,是研究清鲜外交关系与东亚汉文字、汉文化史的重要文献。本研究以《同文汇考》“饬谕”中的敕书(清对鲜)和谢恩表(鲜对清)为语料,从互动仪式视角探讨清鲜外交文书中敬谦语的语用功能及其仪式化互动模式,并分析讨论敬谦语的使用与权利义务的关系内涵。研究发现,敬谦语在清鲜外交文书中可实现指称、恭维、感谢、陈述、祝颂、希冀等多种语用功能;敕书与谢恩表形成的“一(责)问一答(谢)”的仪式模式主要从规约化的体例格式与仪式化的交聘互动两方面得以呈现,其话语实现方式遵守宗主—藩属间的权利义务关系,体现出清朝“天朝上国”“柔远怀来”与朝鲜“事大保国”的政治外交目的。此外,朝贡体系、儒家敬谦思想以及汉字域外传播的影响是造就该仪式秩序的深层动因。

"Tongwen Huikao"is a collection of diplomatic documents written in Chinese characters during the Joseon Dynasty.It is an important document for studying the diplomatic relations between the Qing Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty,and the history of East Asian Han language and culture as well.This study uses the imperial edicts and the appreciation credentials in the"Chiyu"of"Tongwen Huikao"as language materials to explore the pragmatic functions and ritualized interaction modes of the Chinese respect and modesty language from the perspective of interaction rituals,and analyzes and discusses the relationship between rights and obligations in the use of respect and modesty language.It is found that the respect and modesty language can achieve various pragmatic functions in the diplomatic documents of Qing Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty,such as reference,compliment,gratitude,statement,congratulation and hope.The ritual mode of"reprimand and thanks"formed by the imperial edicts and the appreciation credentials is mainly presented from the two aspects of the conventional format and the ritualized interaction.Its discourse implementation follows the rights and obligations relationship between the suzerain and the vassal,reflecting the political and diplomatic purposes of the Qing Dynasty's"Heavenly Kingdom",""Gentle Nostalgia",and the Joseon Dynasty's"Great Protection of the Country"In addition,the influence of the tribute system,Confucian ideology of respect and humility,and the dissemination of Chinese characters outside the domain are the deep reasons for the formation of this ritual order.