技能型社会建设中的“技能”:职业教育的培养之策

Skill in the Construction of a Skill-based Society:Training Strategies for Vocational Education

技能型社会建设中的“技能”实有必要澄清。技能型社会所强调的技能并非普遍意义上的技能,而是有明确的范围指向,从技能的身心属性来说主要是操作技能,在技能的活动属性上指向社会一线生产和服务活动。技能人才所需要的智力技能不能脱离操作技能而存在,其智力活动指向具体的操作实践。从技术和技能关系的历史梳理来看,由于科学技术的发展,使得技能具备了更多的技术理论属性,而技术理论的教育必须经由学校组织实施,因而现代社会的“技能”离不开职业教育。针对目前技能型社会建设的紧迫问题,职业教育可以从四个方面发力:强化高技能人才供给,保障制造业转型升级;促进低技能群体的技能形成,提升劳动致富能力;重视零工就业模式,深挖平台经济技能增长点;推动技能培养渗透中小学,破除体脑分化的教育形态。

It is necessary to clarify the concept of skill in the construction of a skill-based society.The skill emphasized in a skill-based society is not of a general nature but has a specific scope.In terms of the physical and mental attributes of skill,it primarily refers to operational skill,and in terms of the activities associated with skill,it is directed towards front-line production and service activities in society.Intellectual skills required by skilled professionals cannot exist without operational skills,as their intellectual activities are directed towards concrete operational practices.From a historical perspective on the relationship between technology and skills,the development of science and technology has given skills more technological and theoretical attributes.The education of technological theory must be organized and implemented through schools.Therefore,vocational education is indispensable in modern society's understanding of skill.To address the pressing issues in the construction of a skill-based society,vocational education can focus on four aspects:strengthening the supply of high-skilled talents to ensure the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry;promoting the development of skills among low-skilled groups to enhance their ability to achieve prosperity through labor;prioritizing the employment model of gig workers and exploring growth opportunities in the platform economy;and promoting skills development in primary and secondary schools to overcome the dichotomy between physical and intellectual education forms.