教育资源配置中的事财匹配与不匹配——基于对美国联邦政府基础教育角色演变的考察

The Matching and Mismatching of Affairs and Finances in the Allocation of Educational Resource-An Examination of the Evolution of the Role of the U.S.Federal Government in Basic Education

事财匹配与不匹配是教育资源配置中的普遍现象。以各个历史阶段出台的重要教育法律为线索对美国联邦基础教育事财匹配的演变状况予以梳理和总结,展示了联邦基础教育监管和调控事权的扩张与缩小和联邦政府基础教育投入占比升降之间的宏观匹配状态。在此基础上,对美国联邦政府基础教育事财匹配的三个调控机制即立法调控、行政调控与司法调控予以分析。在研究宏观层面事财匹配的同时,对微观层面的事财不匹配问题也予以研究,探讨了造成事财不匹配的两个重要原因,即无经费授权与经费不足授权。

The matching and mismatching of affairs and finances are common phenomena in the allocation of educational resources.This paper summarizes and sorts out the evolution of the matching of federal basic education affairs and finances in the United States,taking important education laws at various historical stages as clues,and shows the macro matching status between the expansion and contraction of federal basic education supervision and regulatory powers,and the increase and decrease of the proportion of federal government investment in basic education.On this basis,an analysis is conducted for the three regulatory mechanisms,namely legislative regulation,administrative regulation,and judicial regulation.While studying the macro level matching of affairs and finances,the mismatching of affairs and finances at the micro level is also studied,exploring the two important reasons for the mismatching:unfunded mandates and underfunded mandates.