从思维方式看孟、荀王霸思想的殊与同

The Differences and Similarities of Mencius and Xunzi's Kingcraft(wang) and Hegemony(ba) Thought

孟、荀王霸思想的殊与同,可以通过思维方式上的二分思维和三分思维得以彰显。孟子坚信仁者无敌,提倡仁政王道,贬黜霸道,是一种价值立场鲜明的王霸二分的思维方式。荀子提倡礼治,在王、霸、危亡的三分思维的框架中呈现自己的王霸兼用思想。孟、荀王霸思想的分殊主要体现在以下方面:其一,在“是”与“应当”的问题域,孟子重视王道与霸道历史事实中蕴含的价值导向,主要是从价值立论;荀子更注重王道与霸道的历史事实,也体现了一种价值选择。其二,在王霸之别的判定上,孟子的王霸之别是本质上的差异;荀子的王霸之别主要是程度上的不同。其三,在对王霸的态度和定位上,二者都推崇王道,都将王道视为最高追求;对霸道的定位,体现了孟、荀二分思维与三分思维的主要差异。孟子尊王黜霸,主要是批判霸道;荀子以“信”界定霸道,并在危亡之道的反衬中,认同与接受霸道。在荀子的三分思维中,霸道作为王道的候补,地位明显提升。总之,孟、荀王霸之辨的二分思维与三分思维,既是基于二者的学说特色,也是对不同时代问题的思想回应。

The differences and similarities of Mencius and Xunzi's thought of kingcraft and hegemony can be presented through the analysis of methodological horizon.In the problem domain of is and should be,Mencius attached importance to the value orientation contained in the historical facts of kingcraft and hegemony,respecting kingcraft and expelling hegemony;Xunzi paid more attention to the historical facts of kingcraft and hegemony,which also reflected a value choice.From the point of view of thinking mode,Mencius adopted dichotomy,highlighting the essential difference between kingcraft and hegemony in the binary reference of virtue and force;Xunzi used the trichotomy to distinguish the kingly way,the overbearing way and the way of peril from the difference of the degree of realization of etiquette and righteousness.The judgment of the debate between Mencius and Xunzi is different and the same,which is based on different methods to respond to the problems of different times.