减氮条件下外源钙对风沙区土壤氮、磷和花生产量的影响

Effect of Exogenous Calcium on Soil Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Peanut Yield in a Windswept Sandy Area under Reduced Nitrogen Conditions

目前,不合理的氮肥施用模式对土壤和环境造成的不良影响引起了广泛关注。氮素作为花生生长和发育的最重要元素,直接减少氮肥施用势必会对花生的生长及产量造成不利影响。而钙肥能够有效地促进花生对氮、磷的吸收及干物质的积累,有利于缓解减氮逆境对花生产量造成的不利影响。为确定减氮条件下的最佳施钙量,保证减氮条件下花生增产,于2021-2022年在辽宁省阜新蒙古族自治县阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学实验站开展大田试验。花生品种为当地主栽品种小白沙1016。分别于2021年5月21日和2022年5月23日播种。采用大垄双行的种植模式,种植密度为1.67×10^(5)穴·hm^(-2)。试验采用单因素试验设计,在减氮1/4条件下,设置不同梯度的钙肥用量0 kg·hm^(-2)(T1)、150 kg·hm^(-2)(T2)、300 kg·hm^(-2)(T3)、450 kg·hm^(-2)(T4),以不减氮不加钙处理作为对照(CK),研究减氮条件下不同钙肥用量对风沙土氮磷养分及花生干物质、产量的影响。结果表明:土壤交换性钙含量随施钙量的增加而增加,而土壤铵态氮、硝态氮及速效磷含量均随施钙量增加呈先增后减。与T1处理相比,最优施钙处理T3(2021年)/T2(2022年)分别显著增产26.8%和28.5%。因此,辽西地区减氮1/4条件下施加150~300 kg·hm^(-2)钙肥不仅有利于发挥土壤钙的激活效应提升花生根系层土壤速效氮、磷含量,也有利于提高花生生理活性,突破减氮障碍增产。

At present,the adverse effects of irrational nitrogen fertilizer application patterns on the soil and environment have attracted widespread attention.Nitrogen as the most important element for peanut growth and development,direct reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application is bound to adversely affect peanut growth and yield formation.Calcium fertilizer can effectively promote the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the accumulation of dry matter in peanut,which is conducive to alleviating the adverse effects of nitrogen reduction adversity on peanut yield.In order to determine the optimal amount of calcium application under nitrogen-reducing conditions,and to ensure the increase of peanut yield under nitrogen-reducing conditions,a field experiment was carried out at Fuxin Agricultural Environment and Cultivated Land Conservation Scientific Experimentation Station,Fuxin,Fuxin Menggu Autonomous County,Liaoning Province,China,from 2021 to 2022.The peanut variety was the local staple variety Xiaobaisha 1016.The seeds were sown on May 21,2021 and May 23,2022 in this study,respectively.The planting density was 1.67×10^(5)holes·hm^(-2).The experiment was designed as a one-way trial with different gradients of calcium fertilizer dosage of 0 kg·hm^(-2)(T1),150 kg·hm^(-2)(T2),300 kg·hm^(-2)(T3),and 450 kg·hm^(-2)(T4)under the condition of nitrogen reduction by 1/4,with the treatment of no nitrogen reduction and no calcium as the control(CK),to study the effects of different calcium dosages on N and P nutrients of windy sandy soils under the condition of nitrogen reduction.The effects of different calcium fertilizer dosages on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and peanut dry matter and yield in windy sandy soil were investigated under nitrogen reduction conditions.The results showed that the soil exchangeable calcium content increased with the increase of calcium application,while the soil ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and quick-acting phosphorus content increased and then decreased with the increase of calcium application.The optimal calcium application treatments T3(2021)/T2(2022)showed significant yield increases of 26.8%and 28.5%,respectively,compared with T1 treatment.Therefore,this study concluded that the application of 150‒300 kg·hm^(-2)calcium fertilizer under the condition of 1/4 nitrogen reduction in western Liaoning was not only conducive to breaking through the obstacle of nitrogen reduction in peanut in western Liaoning and improving peanut yield.The activation effect of soil calcium to enhance the quick-acting nitrogen and phosphorus content of peanut rhizosphere is also conducive to improving the physiological activity of peanut,breaking through the nitrogen reduction barrier and increasing the yield.