家祭、礼俗互动与汉人的精神世界——以云南腾冲汉人家祭活动为阐释对象

Family Sacrificial Rites,Customs Interaction and the Spiritual World of the Han People——A Case Study of the Han Family Sacrificial Activities in Tengchong

平民家祭是浸润伦理精神的礼仪实践,关乎社会善治与生民立命。通过考察云南腾冲汉人家庭祭坛“家堂”的社会构成与伦理内涵,讨论儒家式家祭与日常生活规范及实践之间的关系,发现祭祀“天地君亲师”、家宅之神和祖先,是国家礼制、儒教礼义与民间信仰互动的产物,这一信仰系统虽深具宗教性,但根柢是私人道德与日用伦常;人与神和祖先的沟通掌握在普通人的手中,“家”成为传统中国人日常生活的唯一庙宇,独立和绵延的“家”成为社会生命的安置之所。因此,作为最有生命力的礼教手段,家祭仍是乡村振兴和基层治理领域不可或缺的研究主题。

The family sacrificial rites of ordinary people represent a ceremonial practice with inherent ethical spirit,related to social governance,establishing everyday life order,and fulfilling spiritual needs.In an attempt to explore the relationship between Confucian-style family sacrificial rites and the norms and practices of daily life,the paper studied the social composition and ethical implications of Han people's family altars in Tengchong,Yunnan.The activity of worshipping “Heaven-Earth-Sovereign-Parent-Teacher”,Household deities,and ancestors is a product of the interaction between the national ritual system,Confucian norms and ethics,and folk beliefs.Although this belief system is full of religiosity,its essence still lies in personal morality and family ethics,because the communication with Gods and ancestors is arranged by ordinary people.“Jia”,has become the sole temple in the daily lives of traditional Chinese people,and serves as the dwelling place of social life.As the most vibrant means of ritual and education,family sacrificial rites continue to be an indispensable research issue in rural revitalization and grassroots governance.